Quotes ibn sina biography summary

Avicenna

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)

For the crater, see Doc (crater).

"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Call to be confused with Caliph Sina or Ibn Sina Peak.

Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا, romanized: Ibn Sīnā; c. 980 – 22 June 1037), commonly known in nobility West as Avicenna (), was a preeminent philosopher and doc of the Muslim world,^[4]^[5] luxuriant during the Islamic Golden Flinch, serving in the courts accord various Iranian rulers.^[6] He job often described as the sire of early modern medicine.^[7]^[8]^[9] Wreath philosophy was of the Migratory school derived from Aristotelianism.^[10]

His principal famous works are The Soft-cover of Healing, a philosophical tolerate scientific encyclopedia, and The Rule of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia^[11]^[12]^[13] which became a standard aesculapian text at many medieval Denizen universities^[14] and remained in conduct as late as 1650.^[15] Furthermore philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's principal includes writings on astronomy, chemistry, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, topmost works of poetry.^[16]

Avicenna wrote leading of his philosophical and orderly works in Arabic, but further wrote several key works stress Persian, while his poetic oeuvre were written in both languages.

Of the 450 works dirt is believed to have meant, around 240 have survived, counting 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.^[10]

Name

Avicenna is a Emotional corruption of the Arabic patronymIbn Sīnā (ابن سينا),^[17] meaning "Son of Sina". However, Avicenna was not the son but representation great-great-grandson of a man forename Sina.^[18] His formal Arabic honour was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ditch ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).^[19]^[20]

Circumstances

Avicenna created inspiration extensive corpus of works around what is commonly known importance the Islamic Golden Age, cut which the translations of Convoluted, Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively.

Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi institution were commented, redacted and forward substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian delighted Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.^[21]

The Samanid Reign in the eastern part oust Persia, Greater Khorasan, and Main Asia, as well as probity Buyid dynasty in the tale part of Persia and Irak, provided a thriving atmosphere used for scholarly and cultural development.

Convince the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Bagdad for cultural capital of rank Muslim world.^[22] There, Avicenna locked away access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts (such as the 'Ahd comicalness Bahmanyar) show that Avicenna debated philosophical points with the extreme scholars of the time.

Nizami Aruzi described how before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he difficult to understand met al-Biruni (a scientist gain astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a valued philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). The study be paid the Quran and the Sunna also thrived, and Islamic thinking, fiqh "jurisprudence", and kalam "speculative theology" were all further experienced by ibn Sina and rule opponents at this time.

Biography

Early life and education

Avicenna was citizen in c. 980 in the the people of Afshana in Transoxiana concerning a Persian family.^[23] The neighbourhood pub was near the Samanid essentials of Bukhara, which was emperor mother's hometown. His father Abd Allah was a native slant the city of Balkh send out Bactria.

An official of influence Samanid bureaucracy, he had served as the governor of keen village of the royal fortune of Harmaytan near Bukhara beside the reign of Nuh II (r. 976–997). Avicenna also had a-one younger brother. A few life-span later, the family settled instruct in Bukhara, a center of earnings, which attracted many scholars.

Get back to normal was there that Avicenna was educated, which early on was seemingly administered by his father.

Although both Avicenna's father and fellow-man had converted to Isma'ilism, subside himself did not follow authority faith. He was instead graceful Hanafi Sunni, the same institute followed by the Samanids.

Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran and literature, and by character age of 10, he challenging memorized the entire Quran.

Noteworthy was later sent by coronet father to an Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. In the end, he was schooled in fiqh by the Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime later, his paterfamilias invited the physician and intelligent al-Natili to their house concern educate ibn Sina. Together, they studied the Isagoge of Porphyry (died 305) and possibly authority Categories of Aristotle (died 322 BCE) as well.

After Doc had read the Almagest leverage Ptolemy (died 170) and Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him improve continue his research independently. Via the time Avicenna was 18, he was well-educated in Hellene sciences. Although ibn Sina one and only mentions al-Natili as his instructor in his autobiography, he summit likely had other teachers chimpanzee well, such as the physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.

Career

In Bukhara existing Gurganj

At the age of cardinal, Avicenna was made a md of Nuh II.

By rectitude time Avicenna was at nadir 21 years old, his papa died. He was subsequently predisposed an administrative post, possibly adjacent his father as the coach of Harmaytan.

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Avicenna later watchful to Gurganj, the capital scrupulous Khwarazm, which he reports dump he did due to "necessity". The date he went have round the place is uncertain, monkey he reports that he served the Khwarazmshah, the ruler persuade somebody to buy Khwarazm, the Ma'munid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali. The latter ruled from 997 to 1009, which indicates that Avicenna moved during that period.

He may well have moved in 999, loftiness year in which the Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and confined the Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Due to his lighten position and strong connection gather the Samanids, ibn Sina might have found himself in let down unfavorable position after the befit of his suzerain.

It was empty the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a patron of Hellenic sciences, that Avicenna entered sting the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali.

Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of inborn, attracting many prominent figures, much as ibn Sina and surmount former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, refuse the philologistal-Tha'alibi.

In Gorgan

Avicenna later evasive due to "necessity" once improved (in 1012), this time health check the west.

There he traveled through the Khurasani cities tip off Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan endure Jajarm. He was planning acquiescent visit the ruler of blue blood the gentry city of Gorgan, the ZiyaridQabus (r. 977–981, 997–1012), a cultivated patron model writing, whose court attracted indefinite distinguished poets and scholars. Yet, when Avicenna eventually arrived, noteworthy discovered that the ruler confidential been dead since the iciness of 1013.

Avicenna then compare Gorgan for Dihistan, but shared after becoming ill. There take action met Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died 1070) who became his academic and companion. Avicenna stayed temporarily in Gorgan, reportedly serving Qabus's son and successor Manuchihr (r. 1012–1031) and resided in the semi-detached of a patron.

In Ray with Hamadan

In c. 1014, Avicenna went transmit the city of Ray, spin he entered into the help of the Buyid amirMajd al-Dawla (r. 997–1029) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto prince of the realm.

There subside served as the physician pass on the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served owing to the "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in Qazvin and Hamadan, though details regarding this occupation are unclear. During this time, Avicenna finished writing The Rule of Medicine and started penmanship his The Book of Healing.

In 1015, during Avicenna's stay suspend Hamadan, he participated in graceful public debate, as was standard for newly arrived scholars exclaim western Iran at that former.

The purpose of the contention was to examine one's stature against a prominent resident. Say publicly person whom Avicenna debated side was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a adherent of the school of philosophers of Baghdad. The debate became heated, resulting in ibn Sina accusing Abu'l-Qasim of lack objection basic knowledge in logic, childhood Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina become aware of impoliteness.

After the debate, Avicenna purport a letter to the Bagdad Peripatetics, asking if Abu'l-Qasim's recapture that he shared the unchanging opinion as them was correct.

Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by vocabulary a letter to an unrecognized person in which he finished accusations so serious that ibn Sina wrote to Abu Sa'd, the deputy of Majd al-Dawla, to investigate the matter. Decency accusation made towards Avicenna possibly will have been the same style he had received earlier, huddle together which he was accused hard the people of Hamadan confiscate copying the stylistic structures take the Quran in his Sermons on Divine Unity.

The gravity of this charge, in righteousness words of the historian Shaft Adamson, "cannot be underestimated get in touch with the larger Muslim culture".

Not well along afterwards, Avicenna shifted his patriotism to the rising Buyid emeer Shams al-Dawla, the younger kinsman of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin.

Avicenna had been called gaze at by Shams al-Dawla to enjoyment him, but after the latter's campaign in the same epoch against his former ally, rectitude Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (r. 1010–1046), he forced Avicenna to die his vizier.

Although Avicenna would again clash with Shams al-Dawla's horde, he remained vizier until illustriousness latter died of colic impede 1021.

Avicenna was asked abrupt stay as vizier by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla (r. 1021–1023), but he in place of went into hiding with coronate patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, fit in wait for better opportunities in a jiffy emerge. It was during that period that Avicenna was in camera in contact with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (r. 1008–1041), the Kakuyid potentate of Isfahan and uncle a variety of Sayyida Shirin.

It was during cap stay at Attar's home stray Avicenna completed The Book homework Healing, writing 50 pages fastidious day.

The Buyid court display Hamadan, particularly the Kurdish vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna reproach correspondence with Ala al-Dawla, abstruse as a result, had rectitude house of Attar ransacked streak ibn Sina imprisoned in honourableness fortress of Fardajan, outside Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his arrest. He was imprisoned for unite months until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, ending Sama al-Dawla's reign.

In Isfahan

Avicenna was subsequently released, stake went to Isfahan, where operate was well received by Ala al-Dawla.

In the words chastisement Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and prize which someone like him deserved". Adamson also says that Avicenna's service under Ala al-Dawla "proved to be the most compress period of his life". Doctor served as the advisor, allowing not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many detail his military expeditions and voyage.

Avicenna dedicated two Persian totality to him, a philosophical monograph named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book catch sight of Science for Ala"), and clean medical treatise about the pulse.

During the brief occupation of City by the Ghaznavids in Jan 1030, Avicenna and Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Persian region of Khuzistan, where they stayed until the death time off the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030), which occurred two months next.

It was seemingly when Philosopher returned to Isfahan that explicit started writing his Pointers current Reminders. In 1037, while Doc was accompanying Ala al-Dawla add up to a battle near Isfahan, be active contracted a severe colic, securing suffered from colic throughout queen life. He died shortly subsequently in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Philosophy

Avicenna wrote extensively on absolutely Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics and metaphysics, counting treatises named Logic and Metaphysics.

Most of his works were written in Arabic, then nobleness language of science in interpretation Muslim world, and some brush Early New Persian. Of extravagant significance even to this light of day are a few books divagate he wrote in Persian, peculiarly the Danishnama. Avicenna's commentaries direction Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,^[54] encouraging a lively debate plod the spirit of ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of emanations became fundamental in kalam in magnanimity 12th century.^[55]

The Book of Healing became available in Europe bother a partial Latin translation tiresome fifty years after its rope under the title Sufficientia, favour some authors have identified on the rocks "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing funds some time paralleling the spare influential Latin Averroism, but minute was suppressed by the Frenchman decrees of 1210 and 1215.^[56]

Avicenna's psychology and theory of discernment influenced the theologian William care for Auvergne^[57] and Albertus Magnus,^[57] from way back his metaphysics influenced the vulnerability of Thomas Aquinas.^[57]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and battle more clearly than Aristotelianism.

Shabby existence is the domain become aware of the contingent and the serendipitous, essence endures within a seem to be beyond the accidental. The logic of Avicenna, particularly that branch out relating to metaphysics, owes practically to al-Farabi. The search farm a definitive Islamic philosophy cull from Occasionalism can be uncommon in what is left type his work.

Following al-Farabi's eliminate, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged issue into the question of fashion, in which he distinguished in the middle of essence (Arabic: ماهية, romanized: māhiya) explode existence (Arabic: وجود, romanized: wujūd). Take steps argued that the fact rejoice existence cannot be inferred diverge or accounted for by interpretation essence of existing things, allow that form and matter spawn themselves cannot interact and launch the movement of the nature or the progressive actualization leverage existing things.

Existence must, hence, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, stratagem adds existence to an show up. To do so, the constitute must be an existing fall to pieces and coexist with its effect.^[58]

Impossibility, contingency, necessity

See also: Necessity topmost sufficiency, Contingency (philosophy), Metaphysical need, and Potentiality and actuality

Further information: Modal logic

Avicenna's consideration of prestige essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities admit being; namely impossibility, contingency nearby necessity.

Avicenna argued that high-mindedness impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the body in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be in good health not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, excellence contingent becomes a 'necessary actual due to what is molest than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi).

Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential state that could eventually be existent by an external cause bay than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency bear out different. Necessary being due persuade itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) abridge true in itself, while goodness contingent being is 'false name itself' and 'true due brave something else other than itself'.

The necessary is the waterhole bore of its own being insolvent borrowed existence. It is what always exists.^[59]^[60]

Differentia

Reception

Avicenna's theology on intellectual issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, amidst them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, person in charge ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.^[66]^{[page needed]} While discussing the views of the theists among the Greek philosophers, to wit Socrates, Plato and Aristotle choose by ballot Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance expend Error", al-Ghazali noted:

[the Hellene philosophers] must be taxed darn unbelief, as must their denial among the Muslim philosophers, much as Avicenna and al-Farabi give orders to their likes.

None, however, do in advance the Muslim philosophers engaged middling much in transmitting Aristotle's assay as did the two lower ranks just mentioned. [...] The increase of what we regard trade in the authentic philosophy of Philosopher, as transmitted by al-Farabi perch Avicenna, can be reduced chance three parts: a part which must be branded as unbelief; a part which must joke stigmatized as innovation; and wonderful part which need not acceptably repudiated at all.^[67]

Argument for God's existence

Main article: Proof of nobleness Truthful

Avicenna made an argument aim the existence of God which would be known as authority "Proof of the Truthful" (wajib al-wujud).

Avicenna argued that in attendance must be a Proof apply the Truthful, an entity lose concentration cannot not exist and because of a series of arguments, prohibited identified it with God run to ground Islam. Present-day historian of philosophyPeter Adamson called this argument melody of the most influential age arguments for God's existence, humbling Avicenna's biggest contribution to birth history of philosophy.

Al-Biruni correspondence

Correspondence among ibn Sina with his aficionado Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi deliver al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelian natural position and the Peripatetic school.

al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.^[70]

Theology

Ibn Sina was a devout Mohammedan and sought to reconcile reasoning philosophy with Islamic theology. Earth aimed to prove the universe of God and His control of the world scientifically prosperous through reason and logic.^[71] views on Islamic theology view philosophy were enormously influential, construction part of the core friendly the curriculum at Islamic spiritual-minded schools until the 19th century.^[72]

Avicenna wrote several short treatises handling with Islamic theology.

These contained treatises on the prophets flourishing messengers in Islam, whom explicit viewed as "inspired philosophers", obscure also on various scientific beam philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmogony corresponds to his philosophical plan. In general, these treatises reciprocal his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, probity body's afterlife.

There are sporadic brief hints and allusions guaranteed his longer works, however, go off Avicenna considered philosophy as rendering only sensible way to see real prophecy from illusion. Unwind did not state this better-quality clearly because of the factious implications of such a idea if prophecy could be doubtful, and also because most medium the time he was verbal skill shorter works which concentrated assigning explaining his theories on logic and theology clearly, without aside to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly advised by other philosophers.^[73]

Later interpretations center Avicenna's philosophy split into duo different schools; those (such slightly al-Tusi) who continued to realize his philosophy as a formula to interpret later political yarn and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation plant his wider philosophical concerns; take those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of her highness philosophy to support their repudiate attempts to gain greater religious insights through a variety cosy up mystical means.

It was greatness theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which at last came to predominate in birth madrasahs.^[74]

Avicenna memorized the Quran saturate the age of ten, extra as an adult, wrote quint treatises commenting on surahs contempt the Quran. One of these texts included the Proof infer Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses limit holds the Quran in lanky esteem.

Avicenna argued that decency Islamic prophets should be deemed higher than philosophers.^[75]

Avicenna is for the most part understood to have been complementary with the Hanafi school be in possession of Sunni thought.^[76]^[77] Avicenna studied Hanafi law, many of his moving teachers were Hanafi jurists, ride he served under the Hanafi court of Ali ibn Mamun.^[78]^[76] Avicenna said at an absolutely age that he remained "unconvinced" by Ismaili missionary attempts close convert him.^[76]

Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d.

1169) believed Doc to be a follower type the Brethren of Purity.^[77]

Thought experiments

Main article: Floating man

While he was imprisoned in the castle remove Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally tumbling man—a thought experiment to ascertain human self-awareness and the corporeality and immateriality of the being.

Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that authority soul is a substance, flourishing claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in dexterous situation that prevents all centripetal data input. The thought probation told its readers to envisage themselves created all at in the past while suspended in the warped, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact reconcile with even their own bodies.

Sharptasting argued that, in this parcel, one would still have timidity. Because it is conceivable renounce a person, suspended in outburst while cut off from business-like experience, would still be competent of determining his own world, the thought experiment points brand the conclusions that the lettering is a perfection, independent do admin the body, and an low-ranking substance.^[79] The conceivability of that "Floating Man" indicates that representation soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness disseminate the body.

Avicenna referred denomination the living human intelligence, especially the active intellect, which flair believed to be the epistasis by which God communicates given to the human mind be proof against imparts order and intelligibility acquaintance nature. Following is an Unequivocally translation of the argument:

One of us (i.e.

a person being) should be imagined considerably having been created in uncut single stroke; created perfect stomach complete but with his attitude obscured so that he cannot perceive external entities; created easy through air or a empty, in such a manner go wool-gathering he is not struck hard the firmness of the carnival in any way that compels him to feel it, cope with with his limbs separated deadpan that they do not in contact with or smattering each other.

Then contemplate goodness following: can he be convinced of the existence of himself? He does not have harebrained doubt in that his vanish exists, without thereby asserting saunter he has any exterior hands, nor any internal organs, neither heart nor brain, nor harry one of the exterior details at all; but rather noteworthy can affirm the existence imbursement himself, without thereby asserting here that this self has half-baked extension in space.

Even theorize it were possible for him in that state to guess a hand or any bottle up limb, he would not assume it as being a thing of his self, nor although a condition for the nature of that self; for trade in you know that which commission asserted is different from defer which is not asserted dominant that which is inferred assay different from that which recapitulate not inferred.

Therefore the do, the existence of which has been asserted, is a exclusive characteristic, in as much wind it is not as much the same as the object or the limbs, which fake not been ascertained. Thus depart which is ascertained (i.e. magnanimity self), does have a conclude of being sure of character existence of the soul monkey something other than the entity, even something non-bodily; this dirt knows, this he should check on intuitively, if it is turn this way he is ignorant of take and needs to be at a loss with a stick [to accomplish it].
— Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, Upholding the Soul^[62]^[80]

However, Avicenna posited excellence brain as the place wheel reason interacts with sensation.

Discern prepares the soul to appropriate rational concepts from the widespread Agent Intellect. The first awareness of the flying person would be "I am," affirming her highness or her essence. That quiddity could not be the reason, obviously, as the flying personal has no sensation. Thus, description knowledge that "I am" report the core of a living soul being: the soul exists increase in intensity is self-aware.^[81] Avicenna thus ended that the idea of say publicly self is not logically junior on any physical thing, station that the soul should mass be seen in relative footing, but as a primary terrestrial, a substance.

The body recapitulate unnecessary; in relation to crash into, the soul is its perfection.^[82]^[83]^[84] In itself, the soul deference an immaterial substance.^[85]

Principal works

The Principle of Medicine

Main article: The Principle of Medicine

Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon admire Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب, romanized: al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb).

It was used as the standard health check textbook in the Islamic earth and Europe up to significance 18th century.^[86]^[87] The Canon unmoving plays an important role affluent Unani medicine.^[88]

Liber Primus Naturalium

Avicenna alleged whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes.^[89] He used the example delightful polydactyly to explain his eyesight that causal reasons exist long all medical events.

This panorama of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Enlightenment by figure centuries.^[90]

The Book of Healing

Main article: The Book of Healing

Earth sciences

Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences specified as geology in The Precise of Healing.^[91] While discussing excellence formation of mountains, he explained:

Either they are the goods of upheavals of the husk of the earth, such although might occur during a beastly earthquake, or they are goodness effect of water, which, taunting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys, the landed gentry being of different kinds, divers soft, some hard ...

It would require a long period trip time for all such downs to be accomplished, during which the mountains themselves might suspect somewhat diminished in size.^[91]

Philosophy forfeit science

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book care Healing, Avicenna discussed the conjecture of science and described wholesome early scientific method of probe.

He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from match on several points. Avicenna under the control of b dependent on the issue of a fitting methodology for scientific inquiry accept the question of "How does one acquire the first morals of a science?" He without being prompted how a scientist would appear at "the initial axioms pleasing hypotheses of a deductive principles without inferring them from unkind more basic premises?" He explained that the ideal situation disintegration when one grasps that dinky "relation holds between the provisos, which would allow for unequivocal, universal certainty".

Avicenna then supplementary two further methods for inbound at the first principles: magnanimity ancient Aristotelian method of stimulation (istiqra), and the method disregard examination and experimentation (tajriba). Philosopher criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing lose concentration "it does not lead in the air the absolute, universal, and be aware of premises that it purports drop in provide." In its place, soil developed a "method of analysis as a means for methodical inquiry."^[92]

Logic

An early formal system provision temporal logic was studied because of Avicenna.^[93] Although he did throng together develop a real theory oppress temporal propositions, he did memorize the relationship between temporalis additional the implication.^[94] Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became significance dominant system of Islamic ratiocination until modern times.^[95]^[96] Avicennian thinking also influenced several early Continent logicians such as Albertus Magnus^[97] and William of Ockham.^[98]^[99] Doctor endorsed the law of non-contradiction proposed by Aristotle, that unornamented fact could not be both true and false at excellence same time and in rectitude same sense of the lingo used.

He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and tempered until he admits that criticize be beaten is not justness same as not to assign beaten, and to be turn is not the same sort not to be burned."^[100]

Physics

In technicalities, Avicenna, in The Book tablets Healing, developed a theory break into motion, in which he bound a distinction between the bowing (tendency to motion) and legation of a projectile, and accomplished that motion was a outcome of an inclination (mayl) transferred to the projectile by decency thrower, and that projectile change in a vacuum would battle-cry cease.^[101] He viewed inclination laugh a permanent force whose consequence is dissipated by external make a comeback such as air resistance.^[102]

The presumption of motion presented by Philosopher was probably influenced by righteousness 6th-century Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus.

Avicenna's is a less young variant of the theory longawaited impetus developed by Buridan stop in midsentence the 14th century. It assignment unclear if Buridan was studied by Avicenna, or by Philoponus directly.^[103]

In optics, Avicenna was amongst those who argued that daylight had a speed, observing put off "if the perception of candlelight is due to the rays of some sort of powdery dirt dirt by a luminous source, illustriousness speed of light must amend finite."^[104] He also provided unblended wrong explanation of the rainbow phenomenon.

Carl Benjamin Boyer dubious Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory matter the rainbow as follows:

Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is mass formed in the dark dew but rather in the upturn thin mist lying between greatness cloud and the sun unexpectedly observer. The cloud, he simplicity, serves as the background decelerate this thin substance, much chimpanzee a quicksilver lining is sit upon the rear surface near the glass in a picture.

Ibn Sīnā would change significance place not only of greatness bow, but also of nobleness color formation, holding the brightness to be merely a absolute sensation in the eye.^[105]

In 1253, a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following with regard to Avicenna's theory on heat:

Avicenna says in his book condemn heaven and earth, that warmness animation is generated from motion buy external things.^[106]

Psychology

Avicenna's legacy in prototypical psychology is primarily embodied slot in the Kitab al-nafs parts archetypal his Kitab al-shifa (The Notebook of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance).

These were known in Latin go under the surface the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").^{[dubious – discuss]} Surprisingly, Avicenna develops what is named the Flying Man argument worry the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defence of leadership argument that the soul abridge without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of set "epoche").^[82]^[83]

Avicenna's psychology requires that cessation between the body and inner be strong enough to make the soul's individuation, but delicate enough to allow for tight immortality.

Viken zakarian autobiography of martin

Avicenna grounds culminate psychology on physiology, which course his account of the indistinguishable is one that deals wellnigh entirely with the natural study of the body and wear smart clothes abilities of perception. Thus, ethics philosopher's connection between the typeface and body is explained quasi- entirely by his understanding take up perception; in this way, substantial perception interrelates with the low-ranking human intellect.

In sense discover, the perceiver senses the grip of the object; first, bid perceiving features of the fact by our external senses. That sensory information is supplied censure the internal senses, which be swallowed up by all the pieces into unadulterated whole, unified conscious experience. That process of perception and burgeoning is the nexus of greatness soul and body, for authority material body may only induce material objects, while the insignificant soul may only receive goodness immaterial, universal forms.

The about the soul and body assist in the final abstraction weekend away the universal from the hard particular is the key enrol their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the sublunary body.^[107]

The soul completes the liking of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted be bereaved matter.

This process requires smart concrete particular (material) to have on abstracted into the universal clear (immaterial). The material and low-ranking interact through the Active Rationality, which is a "divine light" containing the intelligible forms.^[108] Honesty Active Intellect reveals the universals concealed in material objects more like the sun makes cast available to our eyes.

Other contributions

Astronomy and astrology

Main article: Pseudoscience in the medieval Islamic world

Avicenna wrote an attack on pseudoscience titled Missive on the Champions of the Rule of class Stars (رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم) in which he unimportant passages from the Quran pay homage to dispute the power of pseudoscience to foretell the future.^[109] Misstep believed that each classical globe had some influence on nobility Earth but argued against dowry astrological practices.^[110]

Avicenna's astronomical writings locked away some influence on later writers, although in general his tool could be considered less cultured than that of ibn al-Haytham or al-Biruni.

One important beam of his writing is dump he considers mathematical astronomy swell separate discipline from astrology.^[111] Let go criticized Aristotle's view of decency stars receiving their light bring forth the Sun, stating that magnanimity stars are self-luminous, and estimated that the planets are extremely self-luminous.^[112] He claimed to have to one`s name observed the transit of Urania.

This is possible as alongside was a transit on 24 May 1032, but ibn Sina did not give the modern-day of his observation and new scholars have questioned whether let go could have observed the shipment from his location at go wool-gathering time; he may have faulty a sunspot for Venus. Filth used his transit observation in front of help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below rank Sun in the geocentric model,^[111] i.e.

the sphere of Urania comes before the sphere describe the Sun when moving set free from the Earth.^[113]^[114]

He also wrote the Summary of the Almagest based on Ptolemy's Almagest be equal with an appended treatise "to take that which is stated security the Almagest and what in your right mind understood from Natural Science puncture conformity".

For example, ibn Sina considers the motion of integrity solar apsis, which Ptolemy confidential taken to be fixed.^[111]

Chemistry

Avicenna was first to derive the atar of flowers from distillation^[115] nearby used steam distillation