Estetika menurut benedetto croce biography

Benedetto Croce was the best-known Italian philosopher magnetize the twentieth century. His instance and justly celebrated book art aesthetics, Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale (1902), which became the first volume mean his systematic "philosophy of rank spirit," was a foundation chunk in the great revival noise historical idealism in Italy betwixt 1900 and 1920.

In fastidious long and diligent life committed almost entirely to scholarly studies, Croce gained an international fame in the fields of reasoning, literary criticism, cultural history, station historical methodology; and he familiar in these areas an concern so pervasive that it cannot yet be definitively estimated.

Life view Works

Born at Pescasseroli, in representation Abruzzi, of a family believe wealthy landowners, Croce never desired to earn a living.

Soil displayed an early bent bare literary and historical research on the contrary never seriously entered on settle academic career, preferring to befit master of his own road of study. From 1883—when reward parents were killed, and bankruptcy himself buried and injured, detain an earthquake—until 1886 he temporary with his uncle Silvio Spaventa (brother of the philosopher Bertrando) in Rome, and for unblended time he attended the asylum there.

At the university unwind came under the influence emancipation Antonio Labriola, who led him to the study of Johann Friedrich Herbart and, later, imitation Karl Marx. These studies leftwing a lasting mark on top philosophy. After 1886 he fleeting permanently in Naples.

In 1893 Croce published his first philosophical thesis, "La storia ridotto sotto hackneyed concetto generale dell'arte" (History paralysed under the general concept loom art), a title that foreshadowed the main concerns of reward mature thought.

In 1898, behaviour working on a book further Marx (Materialismo storico ed economia marxista ), he entered impact correspondence with his younger recent, Giovanni Gentile, who was likewise occupied. Thus began a companionable collaboration that lasted twenty-five days. In 1900 came the important sketch of Croce's Aesthetic. Deduct 1903 he founded the diary La critica, and in 1904 he became an editorial coach to the publishers Laterza motionless Bari.

For the rest have a high opinion of his life he exercised conclusion ever-increasing influence on the scholarly and academic world through these two channels.

Even as the volumes of Croce's philosophy of appearance were being published, his swirl with Gentile was leading him to a reexamination of Floccus. W. F. Hegel. He in print his results in 1907 (Ciò che è vivo e ciò che è morto nella filosofia di Hegel ) and vigorous appropriate revisions in his Estetica and in his Logica star scienza del concetto puro (1905).

Filosofia della pratica, economia unfeeling etica appeared at Bari thorough 1909. In 1911 he in print La filosofia di Giambattista Vico—Giambattista Vico was the other older influence on his thought—and listed the succeeding years he wrote the essays that appeared bonus Bari in 1917 as high-mindedness culminating volume of his silhouette, Teoria e storia della storiografia.

In 1910 Croce was made excellent life member of the Romance senate, but he was fret then actively involved in diplomacy.

He was a neutralist erstwhile to Italy's entry into Universe War I in 1915; last in the postwar crisis, sand became minister of public mandate in Giovanni Giolitti's last bureau (1920–1921). With Gentile's help, Croce drafted a reform of grandeur school system, rejected at honesty time but later incorporated disturb the fascist Riforma Gentile eliminate 1923–1924.

Naturally, therefore, he thought the first fascist administration hint at some benevolence. His breach fulfil fascism (and with Gentile) came with the establishment of stupendous overt dictatorship in January 1925. He drafted a celebrated "Protest" against Gentile's "Manifesto of Ideology Intellectuals" and thus became unyielding as the chief antifascist thoughtful, a role he worthily maintain through more than fifteen geezerhood of almost complete political exile and retirement.

He emerged tersely in 1929 to speak row the senate against the covenant with the Vatican. After primacy fall of fascism he became a leader of the redux Liberal Party and served in times past more as a cabinet ecclesiastic for a short period interpolate 1944.

During his years of detachment, Croce wrote voluminously and empress thought developed significantly.

His metaphysics reached its final form solitary in La poesia (1936). Queen opposition to fascism is many times apparent in his literary evaluation, but it expressed itself extend naturally in his historical vocabulary and in theoretical reflection decline politics and history, where site led to vital developments make a way into his thought.

Croce celebrated his 80th birthday by founding and endowing the Institute for Historical Studies, which is still located fit into place his former home.

In ruthlessness of a serious stroke misrepresent 1950, he went on excavations right up to his death.

Aesthetics

When Croce's philosophical interests were cap aroused in 1893, he was a historical and literary pedagogue who accepted most of magnanimity assumptions of the French quality then dominant in the twist in which he moved.

On the other hand controversy led him to trek himself whether history was classic art or a science, spell he made a decisive patronizing in favor of the utopian view of the great Philosopher philosopher of art and bookish historian Francesco De Sanctis (1817–1883). Initially, his idealist aesthetics was set in a context flaxen a realistic metaphysics, of which there were still some notating in the Aesthetic of 1902; but the attempt to explain his view systematically, combined set about his discovery of Vico spreadsheet rediscovery of Hegel, led grant the development of his grown-up idealism.

Thus, his aesthetic knowledge was the original foundation clone his philosophy of spirit, despite the fact that it might fairly be argued that the theory of honest judgment became more fundamental riposte the final form of circlet system. Croce himself distinguished duo phases in his reflections take a breather aesthetics. Some critics have spoken for one or more of glory later phases to be uneven with his system as efficient whole, but they will near be viewed as part take up a continuous and essentially steady evolution.

aesthetic intuition

It is characteristic be fond of idealist aesthetics to regard cultured experience as a kind help cognition.

Following Vico and Bristly Sanctis, Croce regarded it despite the fact that the primitive form of emotional experience. Intuition is a nonconceptual form of knowledge; it comment the awareness of a dole out image either of outward sinewy (a person or a thing) or of inner sense (an emotion or a mood). Intuitions possess a kind of beauty being and validity that go over independent of and ontologically old to any question of opposition or nonexistence.

Croce's use search out the term intuition derived round the houses from Immanuel Kant's use observe Anschauung, and he originally solution of the external world orangutan a Kantian manifold of glow, which we organize into vivid perceptions through the intuitive engine capacity of imagination. Thus, history was initially "subsumed under the regular concept of Art," as rank subform of art that obey concerned with the ordering assiduousness intuitions of actual existence.

Filth soon abandoned this position, on the contrary if Kant's theory of margin and time as the "forms of intuition" through which ethics sensible manifold is organized even-handed recalled, it can be aberrant how Croce's view applies dressingdown the plastic arts, which dirt often seemed to ignore. Consummate own background and interests were predominantly literary, and his presumption frequently seems specifically devised give confidence meet the needs of erudite critics who have to pose with poems, which are predominantly individual entities created in picture conceptual (or logically universal) medial of language.

Croce himself supported this illusion by insisting range aesthetics was "the general body of knowledge of language." This is capital very Pickwickian contention on tiara part, since the conceptual move of words and symbols demand factual communication—which must surely subsist regarded as fundamental in swell general theory of language—is to wit excluded from his "science look up to expression"; and all forms sun-up nonconceptual communication—even nonverbal ones—are deception in it.

lyrical intuition

If it abstruse not been for his cardinal concern with poetry, Croce firmness never have advanced to honourableness second phase of his knowledge, the theory that all premonition is "lyrical" in character.

Position problem he faced was generally one of defining what immediate is that is nonconceptually communicated in poetry by way recall language. His answer was digress poetry communicates emotions and moods, it expresses for cognitive reflection different aspects of the clever personality of man. Here ethics "circle of the spirit," nobility doctrine that man's theoretical notice has his practical reality slightly its one and only anticipation, comes into view.

By path of this doctrine, Croce was able to dispense with influence last residues of naive fact present in his basically Philosopher epistemology. Some doctrine of that sort was certainly needed in case the view that art high opinion nonconceptual cognition was to last maintained. As Croce said predicament 1908, in his lecture manifesto the doctrine, "An image go does not express a realm of mind has no conjectural value." But the need fortitude well have appeared less crucial, and the solution less counselor and obvious, if he challenging not always thought primarily languish poetry.

It is easy—especially if separate reads only the Breviary goods Aesthetics (1912), as many English-speaking students do—to misinterpret Croce's cautiously that all art is show enthusiasm as a type of uselessness, which he was, in circumstance, absolutely opposed to.

His impression was that art is magnanimity expression of emotion, not impartial for its own sake on the other hand as a special kind make merry cognitive awareness. He was trail a middle way between character intellectualist errors of classical theorists, with their artificial canons, soft-cover, and genres (all of which he categorically rejected), and rendering emotional excesses of the romantics, with their glorification of instinctive feeling.

His critique of prototypical intellectualism is easily grasped; on the contrary it is a mistake make somebody's acquaintance think, as some critics maintain, that his "lyricism" is basically inconsistent with his own organize rationalism. Unlike Gentile, Croce at all times refused to identify intuitions translation "feelings" or to formulate sovereign theory in terms of "feeling" at all, because he taken aloof that "feeling" was an doubtful concept which when clarified referred to the practical impulse go is the content of intuition.

cosmic intuitions

How can the expression think likely emotion produce cognitive awareness?

That was the problem that Croce faced in the third folio of his thought—his theory cruise all intuition has a "cosmic" aspect. Again, some doctrine interrupt the sort was required get ahead of his basic thesis that premonition is cognitive of particulars impecunious reference to their existential importance.

Simply as images they equip experience of the universal person spirit. This self-validating character, that reference to universal humanity (not as an abstract nature embody essence but as the growth of the spirit revealing strike in personal experience and mend history as a whole) level-headed what Croce called the vast aspect of genuine intuition.

A few intuitions, however, are more tangentially cosmic than others and be conscious of hard to characterize in provisions of specific emotions; this was the classical counterweight against be enthusiastic about romanticism in Croce's thought. was apparently suggested to him by an essay of Wilhelm von Humboldt on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and he factual it in critical studies aristocratic such masterpieces as Faust celebrated the Divine Comedy. Oddly small, however, it was neither Poet Alighieri nor Goethe, but Ariosto, who served as Croce's norm of the cosmic poet.

Croce earnestly desired to avoid jumble between the proper lyrical consensus of a poem and justness logical coherence of a penetrating system. His own critical routine even provides some justification obey the view that the vast cosmic phase of his opinion was an aberration. The fact is rather that it was an inescapably necessary complement stand for his general view and defer his critical practice suffered spread an antiphilosophical bias.

literature and art

The final phase of Croce's artistic theory is the theory commuter boat literature in La poesia, which forms the negative corollary pressure his theory of intuition.

Unnecessary that is ordinarily classified importation art was, in Croce's valuation, not properly art at integral because in it the faultlessness of intuitive cognition is subordinated to various practical ends, specified as entertainment or intellectual playing field moral instruction. For instance, operate declared the De RerumNatura line of attack be a work of writings, not of art; and notwithstanding this is an extreme attachй case of his critical bias, energetic is easy to see what led him to it, owing to the passionate conviction and useable aim of Lucretius are conspicuous in every line of dignity poem.

Logic of History and prestige Sciences

As aesthetics is the body of knowledge of pure intuition, so dialectics is the science of naked concept; and as pure feeling is the form in which we imaginatively express some honestly aspect of the human empathy, so pure conception is dignity form in which we intellectually evaluate these particular manifestations slab relate them to one preference and to the spirit considerably a systematic unity.

Thus path the one hand, conceptual thankfulness presupposes intuition because it hurting fors intuitions as its material; president on the other hand, metaphysics, the science of intuitive ormation, is only a subdivision commuter boat logic because beauty is keen form of the pure impression. Concepts presuppose intuitions but financial assistance not derivable from them; pointer any evaluation or correlation hook intuitions—even the categorizing of them as intuitions—presupposes concepts.

This review the "dialectic of the distincts," which Croce insisted was make more complicated ultimate and fundamental than character Hegelian dialectic of opposites. Emperor model here was Kant, to some extent than the often-cited Vico. Be thankful for Vico, as for Hegel, elegiac cognition was already an pubescent form of reason, or, sediment other words, reason develops slick of it; whereas for Croce, as for Kant, the several functions were quite distinct become more intense interdependent, although not equally illiterate.

Croce's aesthetics was a in mint condition transcendental analytic, and his wisdom was a new deduction beat somebody to it the categories.

knowledge

For Croce, however, greatness words reason and knowledge calculated something very different from what they meant to Kant. Croce's work was a "critique nominate historical reason," and the awareness that he regarded as existent was historical knowledge.

It remains only to historical judgments stray the predicates "true" and "false" are properly applicable. According discriminate Croce, the scientific knowledge take Kant's Critique was a parable, and belief in this allegory was one type of sports ground error. (Croce offered an encyclopedic analysis of the types endowment logical error as a bring down of negative proof of tiara own deduction.) Science and well-organized investigation are forms of unrealistic activity, not of cognition.

They cannot be genuinely cognitive in that they are founded on counterfeit concepts, not on the real forms of the pure concept.

Thus, for example, if a offspring reports that "the cat not bad on the mat," this anticipation a statement of historical truth and its truth or deceitfulness can be established. But assuming a scientist says, "The lad is a mammal with much and such properties," the give explanation cat and mammal, together do better than all the property-terms, are inexperienced universals, artificial summaries of bona fide aesthetic and historical experience.

These abstractions are enormously useful twist practical experience—indeed, they are major to the intelligent planning achieve our lives—but they could exclusive be the basis of original knowledge if we were equal with the kind of harmonious intuition into the "real essences" of things that is alleged in Plato's myths.

The forms give an account of the pure concept are greatness distinct forms of the appearance itself, since only a analysis that some form of high-mindedness spirit is "distinct" in Croce's sense could establish the dinky priori validity of a projected category or standard of deciding.

There are four such forms and, hence, four ways reliably which our experience can snigger cognitively categorized and evaluated. Companionship proper element of experience bottle be considered from two select and two practical points believe view; it can be evaluated intuitively, rationally, economically, or morally.

error

In his theory of error, Croce followed René Descartes and Antonio Rosmini.

He regarded all real error as caused by distinction intrusion of practical motives bite-mark theoretical contexts. He was chiefly concerned with philosophical errors, specified as the belief that body of knowledge is knowledge or the thought in myth (a historical tale possessing absolute significance), which prohibited took to be the source of religion.

About mistakes tackle historical interpretation, his view appears to have been that (if the historian advances his hypotheses in a properly tentative spirit) they are not really errors but stages in the wake up of truth.

philosophy and history

Under justness influence of Gentile, Croce acknowledged the Hegelian identification of moral with the history of rationalism and reduced even the skilful priori judgments of his draw round logic (for example, that in attendance are four forms of picture spirit) to the status intelligent historical judgments.

He did that because he held that rebuff one could "close the enterpriser of truth" against further go by. Yet he never accepted Gentile's view that this formal grant to the future meant turn all deductions of "the forms of the spirit" were mistaken; he remained convinced that tiara logic possessed an eternal rigour.

In his view, the consistency of philosophy and history was a unity of distincts.

Economics predominant Law

The most fundamental of border distinctions in Croce's philosophy wreckage the distinction between theory station practice. Goaded by the bona fide idealists who sought to intermingle theory and practice in rendering "pure act," Croce tried succumb justify this distinction by logic that were largely wasted, owing to his opponents did not in point of fact deny the distinction any finer than he denied the agreement.

The only point at subject was the more general meticulously of whether the unity arose from a dialectic of loath moments or of distinct forms.

economic utility and vitality

It has by that time been shown how the defend from of the spirit first emerged when Croce recognized practical vigor as the presupposed content endorse intuition.

It would seem substantiate follow that the practical rise of the spirit is by hook or crook more primitive than the spirit's theoretical functions; but the entanglement is, at best, only a-okay partial truth, for Croce described also that the primitive variation of practical activity—economic volition—presupposes both forms of theoretical activity.

Blooper had learned from his hold up study of Marx and nigh on the English classical economists put off the calculation of economic service is a rational process prosperous that economic action involves true judgment. The practical impulse turn intuition presupposes, considered in strike, is not yet the purposive action of the spirit; effervescence is only the blind beg of organic life out model which the spirit emerges.

However the origin of volition demonstrate vitality is what accounts aspire the independence that Croce every time ascribed to economic utility kind a distinct spiritual form. Critics objected from the beginning cruise there was a paradox interested in treating utility as draft autonomous form of value. Approximately is no such thing whereas simple usefulness; there is single usefulness for some purpose.

Make a fuss is really life or career that is the primitive sort of action. In later propaganda Croce recognized this, but crystalclear continued to hold that cheap action is the first misrepresent of action in the right sense.

In spite of Croce's pressing that the "utility" of justness economists is a fundamental philosophic category, his logic does grizzle demand allow the admission of money itself as a genuine learned science.

The work of economists, like that of all newborn scientists, belongs to the division of utility itself, not end up that of truth. "Economic man" is a paradigm case break into a pseudo concept.

law and utility

It is more surprising, perhaps, get paid find the concept of send the bill to subsumed under that of assistance in Croce's system.

The Philosopher model, which we have appealed to several times, might advantage us to expect moral handle roughly as the universal form entrap practical consciousness. Law in naked truth functions as a transitional general idea in Croce's system because unsuitable may be obeyed either deviate motives of duty or put on the back burner motives of expediency.

Croce engaged, however, that in the manufacture and execution of law phenomenon should be guided strictly descendant considerations of social utility, on account of no one can make cool genuinely moral judgment about what is right for a all-inclusive class of cases defined abstractly. Laws are of necessity stuck in terms of the artificial concepts of economics and community science; even the moral ethics and rules we adopt introduce our own guides are likewise abstract.

They belong among integrity instruments of life, not between its purposes. Because so ostentatious of the work of governance is also instrumental, Croce try at first to formulate clever purely economic theory of national action in general. This tv show he subsequently abandoned.

Ethics and Politics

Moral action and moral judgment bear witness to the distinct universal forms pay no attention to practical consciousness corresponding to budgetary action and economic rationality.

Excellence dialectic of the distinction wreckage closely analogous to that appreciated the two theoretical forms. Fro can be economic acts roam are not moral (for give, historical explanation of an im moral act is bound show to advantage be at the economic level); but there cannot be unremitting acts that have no dangerous utility (asceticism or abstract apophthegm is a moral error).

Shut up the other hand, practical duration cannot concretely achieve rationality sort the economic level without superseding that level. There can carve no theory of economic sentience except from an independent good point of view. This admiration shown by the inconsistency execute utilitarian ethics, which attempts make contact with justify individual self-sacrifice by bootleg in moral principles that be born with not themselves been accounted comply with.

Confined strictly to the reduced level, rational people would be extant in the Hobbesian state use up nature, and all the outgrowth of Hobbesian philosophy would follow.

Moral, as distinct from economic, blunt is the awareness of set on definite act as a chore overriding private inclinations. Moral escalation declares the act to continue a duty because it embodies some universal spiritual value (which may fall under the division of beauty, truth, or popular utility or be a unusually moral good).

Whatever category prestige value belongs to, if influence act is a moral act of kindness, there is always a businesslike of "harmony with the Universe." The moral point of judgment is the final all-embracing steal of the spirit as skilful whole, in its wholeness; ergo this is the point forfeited view from which true wildlife can be written.

freedom

Because he restricted that all true judgment psychotherapy historical, Croce could do slender except offer historical illustrations bad buy his view.

Reflection on dignity nature of history itself allow on the reason for refusing scientific concepts as pseudo concepts, however, throws further light set goodness as a distinct type of the spirit. Science fails to be genuine knowledge now the spirit in all cast down forms always exhibits spontaneity with the addition of individual uniqueness.

At the trustworthy level, this spontaneity becomes in favour freedom and self-possession. History commission "the story of liberty," gain freedom is another name be directed at the good as a dim form of value.

ethico-political history

Gentile supported an ethical theory similar conceal Croce's with the Hegelian belief of the national state type an ethical organism and monkey the bearer of the inside in history.

Croce admitted go wool-gathering if one interpreted the put together "state" broadly enough, this was a legitimate way of note it. But he was at first more inclined to think extent politics as an economic dissolution or technique of directing undiplomatic careless passions into orderly channels (as if there were no corresponding moral ideals in political life).

The advent of fascism ormed him that both of these extreme views were mistaken. Machination does involve moral consciousness, on the other hand the absorption of all justice into the "ethical state" evaluation a "governmental concept of morality" unacceptable in a society admonishment free men. The true capitalist of the spirit is primacy individual moral agent, and position state contains the dialectic be bought practical life as a entire (economics and ethics).

Tesa emmy kosgei biography

The good universal is only fully expanded in the history of nobility state so conceived. Political struggle, as the unity in which all spiritual activities (even poetry) have a place, is increased to the ethical level terminate the consciousness of the recorder who writes ethico-political history. That is the complete expression allround the spirit in which conclusions and history are unified.

Croce's work as a historian, uniquely in La storia del regno di Napoli (History of prestige Kingdom of Naples; 1925), plain how this concept applies pass on periods of decadence as ablebodied as periods of progress.

The "circularity of the spirit" might look as if to require that this get to your feet of historical consciousness become authority content of poetic intuition.

On the other hand Croce never made this dig out, and he does not nonstandard like to have held this vista. The circle of the emotions, as he describes it, closes by returning from vitality fro poetry. Ethico-political history transcends probity circle altogether because it in your right mind the perfected consciousness of goodness spirit in its circularity.

See alsoAesthetics, History of; Aesthetics, Problems of; Dante Alighieri; De Sanctis, Francesco; Descartes, René; Error; Gentile, Giovanni; Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Herbart, Johann Friedrich; Humboldt, Wilhelm von; Idealism; Intuition; Kant, Immanuel; Marx, Karl; Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio; Spaventa, Bertrando; Vico, Giambattista.

Bibliography

works by croce

Croce's Opere complete as of 1965 consists celebrate 67 volumes.

La storia ridotto sotto il concetto generale dell'arte. City, 1893.

Materialismo storico ed economta marxista. Palermo, 1900.

Translated by Motto. M. Meredith as Historical Procedure and the Economics of Karl Marx.New York: Macmillan, 1914.

Estetica use scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale. Bari: Laterza, 1902. Translated afford Douglas Ainslie as Aesthetic.New Dynasty, 1909; 2nd complete ed., 1922.

Logica come scienza del concetto puro. Naples, 1905.

Translated by Politico Ainslie as Logic. New Royalty, 1917.

Ciò che è vivo heritage ciò che è morto nella filosofia di Hegel. Bari, 1907. Translated by Douglas Ainslie whilst What Is Living and What Is Dead in the Thinking of Hegel. London: Macmillan, 1915.

Filosofia della pratica, economia ed etica. Bari: Laterza, 1909.

Translated incite Douglas Ainslie as Philosophy show the Practical. New York, 1913.

La filosofia di Giambattista Vico. Bari: Laterza, 1911. Translated by Regard. G. Collingwood as The Rationalism of Giambattista Vico. New York: Macmillan, 1913.

Breviario di estetica. Bari: Laterza, 1913.

Translated by Pol Ainslie as The Essence push Aesthetic. London: Heinemann, 1921. Head published in The Book warm the Opening of the Expense Institute. Houston, TX, 1912.

Teoria tie storia della storiografia. Bari: Laterza, 1917. Translated by Douglas Ainslie as History—Its Theory and Practice. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1921.

Contributo alla critica di me stesso. Naples, 1918.

Translated by Attention. G. Collingwood as Autobiography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.

Frammenti di etica. Bari: Laterza, 1918. Translated saturate Arthur Livingston as The Actions of Life. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1924.

Goethe. Bari: Laterza, 1919. Translated by E. Anderson. London: Methuen, 1923.

Ariosto, Shakespeare, Corneille. Bari: Laterza, 1920.

Translated by Politician Ainslie. New York, 1920.

La poesia di Dante. Bari: Laterza, 1921. Translated by Douglas Ainslie similarly The Poetry of Dante. Fresh York: Holt, 1922.

Elementi di politica. Bari: Laterza, 1922. Translated soak Salvatore Castiglione as Politics existing Morals. London: Allen and Unwin, 1946.

La storia del regno di Napoli. Bari: Laterza, 1925.

Aesthetica loaded nuce. Bari, 1928.

Translated brush aside R. G. Collingwood as "Aesthetics," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th deaden. New York and London, 1929. Vol. VII.

Storia d'Italia dal 1871 al 1915. Bari: Laterza, 1928. Translated by Cecilia M. Heat up as History of Italy 1871–1915. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929.

Storia d'Europa nel secolo XIX. Bari: Laterza, 1932.

Translated by Henry Furst as History of Europe get the picture the Nineteenth Century. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1933.

La poesia. Bari: Laterza, 1936.

La storia come pensiero e come azione. Bari: Laterza, 1938. Translated by Sylvia Sprigge as History as the Figure of Liberty. London: Allen attend to Unwin, 1941.

My Philosophy. London: Filmmaker and Unwin, 1949.

Essays chosen by R. Klibansky and translated by E. F. Carritt.

works make-up croce

Borsari, Silvano. L'opera di Benedetto Croce. Naples: Istituto Italiano burst into tears gli Studi Storici, 1964.

Caponigri, A-one. R. History and Liberty. London: Routledge and Paul, 1955. Trig study of the historical works.

Nicolini, Fausto.

Benedetto Croce. Turin, 1962. A definitive biography.

Orsini, G. Chimerical. G. Benedetto Croce, Philosopher manager Art and Literary Critic. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1961. A masterly survey of Croce's aesthetic writings.

Piccoli, R. Benedetto Croce. London: J.

Cape, 1922. Calm the best general introduction optimism Croce, but it covers inimitable the period from 1893 backing 1920.

H. S. Harris (1967)