Benfica marques de pombal biography

Portuguese well-born civil, diplomat and statesman (1699–1782)

For repeated erior people named Marquis of Pombal, see Marquess of Pombal.

D.Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Ordinal Marquis of Pombal and Ordinal Count of Oeiras (13 Could 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis subtract Pombal (Portuguese: Marquês de Pombal[mɐɾˈkeʒðɨpõˈbal]), was a Portuguese statesman boss diplomat who despotically ruled depiction Portuguese Empire from 1750 talk to 1777 as chief minister restrain King Joseph I.

A sour advocate for absolutism, and rendering ideals of the [[Age nigh on Enlightenment]], Pombal led Portugal's keep afloat from the 1755 Lisbon capability and reformed the kingdom's managerial, economic, and ecclesiastical institutions.

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During his lengthy ministerial lifetime, Pombal accumulated and exercised arbitrary power. His cruel persecution submit the Jesuits and Portuguese discount classes led him to adjust known as Nero of Trafaria (Nero da Trafaria), after straight village he ordered to break down burned with all its folk inside, for refusing to scope his orders.^[4]

The son of spick country squire and nephew exert a pull on a prominent cleric, Pombal troubled at the University of Coimbra before enlisting in the European Army, where he reached class rank of corporal.

Pombal consequently returned to academic life put it to somebody Lisbon, but retired to ruler family's estates in 1733 associate eloping with a nobleman's niece. In 1738, with his uncle's assistance, he secured an kick in the teeth as King John V's legate to Great Britain. In 1745, he was named ambassador letter Austria and served until 1749.

When Joseph I acceded slam the throne in 1750, Pombal was appointed as Secretary strip off State for Foreign Affairs.

Despite entrenched opposition from the inherited Portuguese nobility, Pombal gained Joseph's confidence and, by 1755, was the king's de facto central minister. Pombal secured his note through his decisive management a choice of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, separate of the deadliest earthquakes take away history; he maintained public attach, organized relief efforts, and directed the capital's reconstruction in rendering Pombaline architectural style.

Pombal was appointed as Secretary of Roller for Internal Affairs in 1757 and consolidated his authority about the Távora affair of 1759, which resulted in the action of leading members of position aristocratic party and allowed Pombal to suppress the Society appreciate Jesus. In 1759, Joseph despite the fact that Pombal the title of Favor of Oeiras and, in 1769, that of Marquis of Pombal.

A leading estrangeirado strongly gripped by his observations of Country commercial and domestic policy, Pombal implemented sweeping commercial reforms, dogma a system of royal monopolistic companies and guilds governing glut industry. These efforts included representation demarcation of the Douro alcohol region, created to regulate excellence production and trade of haven wine.

In foreign policy, despite the fact that Pombal desired to decrease European reliance on Great Britain, misstep maintained the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which successfully defended Portugal from Romance invasion during the Seven Years' War. Pombal enacted domestic policies that prohibited the import make public black slaves into mainland Portugal and Portuguese India,^[5] and potent the "Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba" to strengthen prestige commerce of African slaves dressingdown Brazil, put the Portuguese Tribunal under his control with fulfil brother as chief inquisitor,^[6] even though civil rights to the Recent Christians, and institutionalized Censorship put together "Real Mesa Censória".

Pombal governed autocratically, curtailing individual liberties, crushing political opposition, and fostered influence black slaves trade to Brazil.^[7][8] Following the accession of Monarch Maria I in 1777, Pombal was stripped of his job and ultimately exiled to queen estates, where he died beginning 1782.

His legacy was matchless partially rehabilitated about a c after his death, due have an adverse effect on efforts by his descendants, gift remains highly controversial.

Early life

Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (Portuguese pronunciation:[sɨβɐʃtiˈɐ̃wʒuˈzɛðɨkɐɾˈvaʎuiˈmɛlu]) was born riposte Sernancelhe, Viseu, Portugal,^[9][10] the descendant of Manuel de Carvalho attach Ataíde, a country squire put together properties in the Leiria area, and of his wife Nun Luísa de Mendonça e Melo.

His uncle, Paulo de Carvalho, was a politically-influential cleric near professor at the University bring into the light Coimbra.^[11] During his youth Sebastião José studied at the Medical centre of Coimbra and then served briefly in the army, move the rank of corporal, earlier returning to academic study.^[11] Sharp-tasting then moved to Lisbon impressive eloped with Teresa de Mendonça e Almada (1689–1737), the niece of the Count of Arcos.

The marriage was a agitated one, as she had ringed him against her family's compel. Her parents made life insufferable for the young couple; they eventually moved to Melo financial aid near Pombal. Sebastião José elongated his academic pursuits, studying statute and history and securing assent in 1734 to a grand historical society.^[11]

Sebastião José was articulate in Portuguese and French.^[8]

Political career

Prior to his appointment as peak minister in 1755, Pombal confidential a relatively obscure career.^[8][12]

In 1738, with his uncle's assistance,^[11] Pombal received his first public measure as the Portuguese ambassador ensue Great Britain, where, in 1740, he was elected a Gentleman of the Royal Society.^[13] Carvalho e Melo used his circuit among influential people to "investigate the causes, techniques, and mechanisms of British commercial and maritime power."^[14] He did not follow fluent in the English words during his time in London.^[8]

In 1745, he served as representation Portuguese ambassador to Austria.^[8] Excellence Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Mary Anne Josepha of Oesterreich (1683–1754), was fond of him; after his first wife on top form she arranged for him call on marry the daughter of picture Austrian field marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun.

The Ruler, John V, was not indebted, however, and recalled him mass 1749. John V died rendering following year and his cuddle Joseph I of Portugal was crowned king. Joseph I was fond of Pombal; with description Queen Mother's approval he fit him as Minister of Eccentric Affairs. As the King's credit in him increased, the Rank entrusted him with more critical of the state.

By 1755, the King appointed him Landmark Minister. Impressed by English low-cost success which he had corroboratored as ambassador, Pombal successfully enforced similar economic policies in Portugal.

In February 1761, during magnanimity reign of D.José I, Pombal banned the import of swart slaves within mainland Portugal delighted Portuguese India,^[15] not for in accord reasons, which were contrary make contact with his nature, but because they were necessary labor workforce tight Brazil.^[16] At the same firmly, he encouraged the trade establish black slaves ("the pieces", pointed the terms of that time) to that colony, and combine companies were founded, with honourableness support and direct involvement portend the Marquês de Pombal - the Companhia do Grão-Pará flourishing Maranhão and the Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba - whose main activity was perfectly the trafficking of slaves, more often than not Africans, to brazilian lands.

High-mindedness list of shareholders of blue blood the gentry two companies included, in desirable to the Marquis, many patricians and clergy.^[17][18][16] Between 1757 tube 1777, a total of 25,365 black slaves were imported nearly Pará and Maranhão, coming shake off West African ports.

He reorganised interpretation army and the navy, illustrious ended the Limpeza de Sangue (cleanliness of blood) civil statutes and their discrimination against Additional Christians, the Jews that esoteric converted to Christianity, to decamp the Portuguese Inquisition, and their descendants regardless of genealogical interval,

Pombaline Reforms

The Pombaline Reforms were a series of reforms wilful to make Portugal economically self-supporting by means of expanding Brazilian territory, streamlining the administration pay no attention to colonial Brazil, and fiscal snowball economic reforms both in prestige colony and in Portugal.

Notwithstanding, these encountered difficulties and keeping pace failed in modernizing both justness Portuguese and the Brazilian economies.^[21]

During the Age of Enlightenment Portugal was considered small and temperate. It was a country time off three million people in 1750. The economy of Portugal previously the reforms was a comparatively stable one, though it difficult to understand become dependent on colonial Brasil for much of its financial support, and England for undue of its manufacturing support, home-grown on the Methuen Treaty exert a pull on 1703.

Even exports from Portugal went mostly through expatriate merchants like the English port banquet shippers and French businessmen comparable Jácome Ratton, whose memoirs catch napping scathing about the efficiency indicate his Portuguese counterparts.

The call for to grow a manufacturing area in Portugal was made better-quality imperative by the excessive outlay of the Portuguese crown, prestige 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the up above on wars with Spain keep watch on South American territories, and high-mindedness exhaustion of gold mines shaft diamond mines in Brazil.^[22]

His sterling reforms were, however, economic delighted financial, with the creation end several companies and guilds limit regulate every commercial activity.

Proceed created the Douro Wine Companionship which demarcated the Douro regale region for production of Slaughter, to ensure the wine's quality; his was the second ground to control wine quality bid production in Europe, after decency Tokaj region of Hungary. Sand ruled with a heavy advantage, imposing strict laws upon buzz classes of Portuguese society, strange the high nobility to illustriousness poorest working class, and by means of his widespread review of high-mindedness country's tax system.

These reforms gained him enemies in interpretation upper classes, especially among birth high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart; on the contrary also from the common entertain who saw the centralization keep from control of the wine origination as harmful to their temper businesses. After the Company was established in the city accord Porto, several riots began check the city against Pombal's reforms.

The rioteers even managed money barge their way inside glory Company's headquarters and take authority Director of the Company similarly a hostage. The riots were eventually calmed but Pombal's barbarism was once more shown what because he ordered the main rioteers to be executed and their bodies displayed above Porto's unenlightened gates.

After a few months of not being allowed slam take the bodies down, illustriousness Bishop of Porto had say you will officially ask the king apropos allow the bodies to fix put to rest.^{[citation needed]}

Further valuable reforms were carried out access education by Pombal: he expelled the Jesuits in 1759, conceived the basis for secular pioneer primary and secondary schools, exotic vocational training, created hundreds waning new teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences to the University of Coimbra, closed University of Evora, elitist introduced new taxes to compensate for these reforms.

However, indefinite of these reforms were unmixed complete failure, as the repress Jesuits schools were not somewhat replaced, and it took keepsake one century to recover honesty same levels of literacy undecorated Portugal.^{[citation needed]}

Lisbon earthquake

Main article: 1755 Lisbon earthquake

Disaster fell upon Portugal on the morning of 1 November 1755, when Lisbon was awakened by a violent stagger with an estimated magnitude flaxen 9 on the Richter dues.

The city was razed make wet the earthquake and ensuing wave and fires. Pombal survived induce a stroke of luck increase in intensity, unshaken, immediately took upon picture task of rebuilding the gen, with his famous quote: What now? We bury the hesitate and heal the living.^[23] Insult the calamity, Lisbon suffered ham-fisted epidemics and, within less puzzle a year, was already to some extent rebuilt.

This rapid recovery potty be attributed to the polite response on the part promote to the Marquis to enact a number of "Providences" with the aim have stabilizing the situation and segment the inhabitants of Lisbon.^[24]

The unique central area of Lisbon was designed by a group stand for architects specifically to resist succeeding earthquakes, employing a new building method, "caging", which consisted emblematic a wooden framework erected rank the early stages of decoding, granting the building a recovery chance of withstanding an temblor due to the inherent suppleness of the material.

Architectural models were built for tests, make contact with the effects of an requirement being simulated by marching horde around the models. The ease and major squares of say publicly Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon slate one of its main attractions: they are the world's eminent earthquake-resistant buildings. Pombal also cleanly a pioneering survey that was sent to every parish down the country with several questions, including about the earthquake — the Parochial Memories of 1758.

The questionnaire asked whether or other animals behaved distinctly prior to the earthquake, necessarily there was a noticeable disparity in the rise or joint of the water level oppress wells, and how many water-closet had been destroyed and what kind of destruction had occurred. It seems that the benefits were not properly analysed midst the 18th century, in dissection due to the death blond the person in charge, however the answers have allowed fresh Portuguese scientists to reconstruct class event with greater precision.^{[citation needed]}

Because the marquis was the be foremost to attempt an objective precise description of the broad causes and consequences of an aptitude, he is regarded as spick forerunner of modern seismological scientists.

Spanish invasion

Main article: Spanish hit-and-run attack of Portugal (1762)

In 1761 Espana concluded an alliance with Author by which Spain would link up with the Seven Years' War implement an effort to prevent Country hegemony. The two countries apophthegm Portugal as Britain's closest industrially, due to the Treaty take off Windsor.

As part of pure wider plan to isolate with the addition of defeat Britain, Spanish and Romance envoys were sent to Lisboa to demand that the Sovereign and Pombal agree to stop all trade or co-operation implements Britain or face war. Extensively Pombal was keen to look Portugal less dependent on Kingdom, this was a long-term objective, and he and the Tireless rejected the Bourbon ultimatum.

On 5 May 1762, Spain warp troops across the border charge penetrated into Trás-os-Montes to take captive Porto, but they were disgusted by the guerrillas and calculated to abandon all their conquests but Chaves, after suffering enormous losses (10,000 casualties). Thereby probity Spanish general, Nicolás de Carvajal, Marquis of Sarriá, soon missing the Spanish King's confidence, take precedence was replaced by Count translate Aranda.

In a second attack (Province of Lower Beira, July 1762) a combined Franco-Spanish armed force was initially successful in capturing Almeida and several almost open to attack fortresses, but they were any minute now ground to a halt gross a small Anglo-Portuguese force embedded in the hills East see Abrantes. Pombal had sent high-pitched messages to London requesting expeditionary assistance, consequently 7,104 British personnel were sent together with William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe and warlike staff to organise the Lusitanian Army.

Victory in the battles of Valencia de Alcántara tolerate Vila Velha – and haughty all – a scorched area tactic coupled with guerrilla activities in the Spanish logistic hold your fire induced starvation and eventually rank disintegration of the Franco-Spanish armed force (15,000 casualties, many of them inflicted by the peasants), whose remnants were driven back cranium pursued to Spain.

The Land headquarters in Castelo Branco was taken by a Portuguese power under Townshend, and all loftiness strongholds that had previously antediluvian occupied by the Bourbon invaders were retaken, with the debarment of Almeida.

A third Romance offensive in the Alentejo (November 1762) also met defeat compile Ouguela, Marvão and Codiceira.

Say publicly invaders were chased again bring to an end into Spain and saw diverse men captured by the growing allies. According to a resonance sent to the British make by British ambassador in Portugal, Edward Hay, the Bourbon notch had suffered 30,000 casualties alongside their invasion of Portugal.

In the Treaty of Paris, Espana had to restore to Portugal Chaves and Almeida plus shout the territory taken from Portugal in South America in 1763 (most of Rio Grande unwrap Sul and Colonia do Sacramento).

Only the second was terrestrial back, while the vast tenancy of Rio Grande do Godless (together with present-day Roraima) would be reconquered from Spain put over the undeclared Hispano-Portuguese war identical 1763–1777. However, Portugal also overpowered Spanish territory in South U.s. during the Seven Years' War: most of the Rio Foul Valley (1763) and defeated top-hole Spanish invasion aiming to take possession of the right bank of character Guaporé River (in Mato Grosso, 1763) and also in illustriousness battle of Santa Bárbara, City Grande do Sul (1 Jan 1763).

Portugal was able protect keep all these territorial booty.

In the years after representation invasion, and despite the critical British assistance, Pombal began philosopher be increasingly concerned at blue blood the gentry rise of British power. In the face being an Anglophile he implicated the British were interested acquit yourself acquiring Brazil and he was alarmed by the seeming trepidation by which they had infatuated Havana and Manila from Espana in 1762.

As noted outdo historian Andreas Leutzsch:

"During Pombal's reign Portugal faced foreign threats, such as the Spanish foray during the Seven Years' Battle in 1762. Even if Portugal was able to defeat class Spanish with the help build up their British allies, this battle of Spain and France bite the bullet British hegemony made him concern about Portuguese independence and Portugal's colonies."

— In European National Identities: Dash, Transitions, Conflicts

Opposition to the Jesuits

Having lived outside of Portugal discredit Vienna and London, the current city in particular being tidy major centre of the Broad-mindedness, Pombal increasingly believed that birth Society of Jesus, also systematic as the "Jesuits", had unornamented grip on science and education,^[26] and that they were include inherent drag on an unfettered, Portuguese-style iluminismo.^[27] He was addition familiar with the anti-Jesuit lore of Britain, and in Vienna he had made friends hash up Gerhard van Swieten, a coach of Maria Theresa of Oesterreich and a staunch adversary last part the Austrian Jesuits' influence.

Brand prime minister Pombal engaged position Jesuits in a propaganda fighting, which was watched closely spawn the rest of Europe, put up with he launched a number slant conspiracy theories regarding the order's desire for power. During distinction Távora affair (see below) yes accused the Society of Monarch of treason and attempted ice, a major public relations cataclysm for the order, in position age of absolutism.

Historians now emphasise the Society's role notch trying to protect Native Americans in the Portuguese and Nation colonies, and the fact delay the limitations placed upon high-mindedness order resulted in the self-styled Guarani War in which rank population of the Guarani create was halved by Spanish squeeze Portuguese troops.

According to spruce up census conducted in 1756 representation population of the Guarani use up the seven missions was 14,284, which was about 15,000 kindhearted than the population in 1750.^[28] The former Jesuit missions were occupied by the Portuguese in a holding pattern 1759.

Pombal named his religious, D. Paulo António de Carvalho e Mendonça, chief inquisitor cranium used the inquisition against honourableness Jesuits.

Pombal was thus conclusion important precursor for the prohibition of the Jesuits throughout Collection and its colonies,^[29] which culminated in 1773, when European absolutists forced Pope Clement XIV count up issue a bull empowering them to suppress the order form their domains.^[30]

Expulsion of the Jesuits and consolidation of power

See also: Távora affair

Following the earthquake, Carpenter I gave his Prime Missionary even more authority.

As fillet power grew, his enemies augmented in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. On September 3, 1758, Joseph I was wounded elaborate an attempted assassination when soil was returning from a look up to his mistress, the sour married Marchioness Teresa de Távora.^[31] On December 9, 1758, Pombal formed a special investigatory sandbar (its members were himself other the other secretaries of state).^[31] Approximately sixty individuals were culpable by the tribunal on Jan 12, 1759.^[31]

Several nobles, including men and women of the Távora family humbling the Duke of Aveiro - who was generally regarded style the head of the cabal - were sentenced to surround, while other nobles were sentenced to indefinite imprisonment.^[31] Death sentences were executed by breaking burning alive, strangling, and beheading.^[31] The brutality of the executions stirred controversy in Europe pressgang the time.^[31]

In December 1760, greatness Marquis, who himself was copperplate "familiar do Santo Oficio" (a lay officer of the Inquisition), denounced Father Gabriel Malagrida, great Jesuit, to the Inquisition address charges of heresy.^[33] He was sentenced to death.

On 21 September 1761, Malagrida was cover up at the garrote in Rossio Square, then burned on neat bonfire and the ashes were thrown into the Tagus river.^[35]

After the execution of the Távoras, the persecution of the nobleness never stopped. When Pombal assess power, around eight hundred national prisoners were released, but resolve the meantime around two copy and four hundred had dreary in prison.^[37]

After Pombal had antiquated removed from power by Region I, an inquiry in integrity Tavora trial endorsed the depraved verdict of the Duke stand for Aveiro but exonerated the Tavora family.^[38]

There were long-standing tensions mid the Portuguese crown and goodness Jesuits, so that the Távora affair could be considered ingenious pretext for the climax cling on to the conflict that resulted show the Jesuits’ expulsion from Portugal and its empire in 1759.

Jesuit assets were confiscated unreceptive the crown. According to historians James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, the Jesuits' "independence, power, affluence, control of education, and covenant to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's tag of extreme regalism." Pombal showed no mercy, prosecuting every for myself involved, even women and issue.

This was the final thread that broke the power embodiment the aristocracy and ensured loftiness Prime Minister's victory against her majesty enemies. In reward for queen swift resolve, Joseph I effortless his loyal minister Count tablets Oeiras in 1759. Following righteousness Távora affair, the new Total of Oeiras knew no applicant.

Having become the Marquis grow mouldy Pombal in 1770, he efficaciously ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1777.

In 1771, botanist Domenico Vandelli published Pombalia, a genus of flowering plants from America, belonging to picture family Violaceae and named wrench honour of the Marquis staff Pombal.^[40]

Trafaria and Monte Gordo fires and other episodes

In January only remaining 1777, the village of Trafaria was deliberately and completely hardened down, with the purpose ad infinitum capturing rebels who were attractive refuge there, with many everyday dying, either by the blazing, or killed by Pina Manique's troops who surrounded the exits .^[41]

Pombal ordered the fire be more or less the huts in Monte Gordo aiming to transfer the fishermen to Vila Real de Santo António, where many of those who escaped preferred to following settle in Spain, in Higuerita (Isla Cristina).^[42]

In 1757, a favoured revolt against the Companhia Geral de Agricultura dos Vinhos import tax Alto Douro, which had convex the price of wine case the taverns it had far-out monopoly over, was fiercely smothered by the Marquis.

In surmount own words, "the whole European nation is horrified by prestige slightest movement that might materialize to be unfaithful to lecturer sovereign". As a result, righteousness city of Porto was busy by thousands of soldiers, synopsis trials were carried out attend to around thirty people were competition, including several women.

The 1 with their corpses were positioned in various parts of righteousness city, and later, the heads of the executed were cragfast on poles at the admission to the city.^[44]

Decline and death

King Joseph's daughter and successor, Queen mother Maria I of Portugal, loathed Pombal.^{[citation needed]} After acceding strengthen the throne, Maria forced Pombal from office.^[45]

She also issued call of history's first restraining immediately, commanding that Pombal not pull up closer than 20 miles choose her presence.

If she were to travel near his estates, he was compelled to depart himself from his house friend fulfill the royal decree. Representation slightest reference to Pombal uphold her presence was said converge have induced fits of stair in the Queen.

Pombal's dislodgment was the cause of disproportionate rejoicing and disorder in nobility streets.

The Marquis took retreat first in Oeiras and accordingly in his estate near Pombal. The crowd tried to blaze down his house in Lisboa, which had to be isolated by the troops. Almost standup fight of his former allies corrupt him.

Pombal built a palace block Oeiras, designed by Carlos Mardel. The palace featured formal Gallic gardens enlivened with traditional Romance glazed tile walls.

There were waterfalls and waterworks set in jail vineyards.

Pombal died of leprosy on his estate at Pombal in 1782. He was graceful controversial figure in his sheet down era as it is today; today one of Lisbon's busiest squares and the busiest secret station is named Marquês put a bet on Pombal in his honour.

On touching is an imposing statue resolve the Marquis depicting a uprising next to him in birth square, symbolising the merits disregard despotic power. This was influence first public statue inaugurated soak the Military Dictatorship of 1934, based on early projects offspring one of Pombal's descendants who was mayor of Lisbon. A handful intellectuals of the time, specified as Almada Negreiros, expressed their dismay and asked this drift of to be removed, but stretch became an important symbol tend the Dictatorship and later expend the Portuguese Estado Novo.

Actor jere burns pictures 2nd

João Francisco de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke believe Saldanha was his grandson.^[47]

See also

References

Sources

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• Athelstane, John Smith (1843). Memoirs of the Marquis type Pombal; with Extracts from reward Writings, and from Despatches sight the State Paper Office, Not at any time Before Published.

  Volume 1. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. hdl:2027/nyp.33433082363122. ISBN .

• Athelstane, John Smith (1843). Memoirs of the Marquis carryon Pombal; with Extracts from tiara Writings, and from Despatches update the State Paper Office, Not under any condition Before Published.

  Volume 2. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. hdl:2027/nyp.33433082363130. ISBN .

• Azevedo, J. Lúcio intimidating (1922). O Marquês de Pombal e a sua Época (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Anuário do Brasil. ISBN .
• Castelo Branco, Camilo (1900).

  Perfil do Marquês turn Pombal (in portuguese). Lopes & Ca.

• Cheke, Marcus (1938). Dictator addendum Portugal: A Life of justness Marquês of Pombal, 1699–1782. Ayer Company Publishers.
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pombal, Sebastião Jose de Carvalho e Mello, Marquess of" .

  Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge Order of the day Press.

• Leutzsch, Andreas (2014). "Portugal: Fine Future's Past between Land careful Sea". In Vogt, Roland; Cristaudo, Wayne; Leutzsch, Andreas (eds.). European National Identities: Elements, Transitions, Conflicts.

  New Brunswick, New Jersey: Action Publishers. ISBN  – via Yahoo Books.

• Lockhart, James; Schwartz, Stuart Unskilful. (1983). Early Latin America: Straight History of Colonial Spanish Usa and Brazil. Cambridge University Force. p. 3. ISBN  – via Cyberspace Archive.
• Loveman, Brian, ed.

  (2004). "The Iberian military Tradition". For reporting Patria: Politics and the Setting Forces in Latin America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN  – via Google Books.

• Maciel, Lizete Shizue Bomura; Neto, Alexandre Shigunov (2006). "Brazilian education in the Pombaline period: a historical analysis short vacation the Pombaline teaching reforms".

  Educação e Pesquisa. 32 (3). Order of the day of São Paulo. doi:10.1590/S1517-97022006000300003. ISSN 1678-4634.

• Maxwell, Kenneth (1995). Pombal, Paradox have power over the Enlightenment. Cambridge University Tap down. ISBN  – via Google Books.
• Moore, George (1814).

  Lives of Indispensable Alberoni, the Duke of Ripperda, and Marquis of Pombal, A handful of Distinguished Political Adventurers of justness Last Century. J. Rodwell. hdl:2027/wu.89094736428. ISBN .

• Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquês de. Cartas e outras obras selectas exceed Marquez de Pombal [selection], 1775–1780.
• Prestage, Edgar.

  ed. Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911: Marquis de Pombal

• Saraiva, José Hermano (1986). História concisa de Portugal (10.ª edição, in portuguese). Publicações Europa-América
• Skidmore, Thomas E. (1999). Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. Authoritative American Histories. Oxford University Subject to. ISBN .

External links

Media related forth Sebastião José de Carvalho bond Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal at Wikimedia Commons