Anna j cooper biography summary graphic organizer

African-American author, educator, spieler, and scholar (1858–1964)

"Anna Cooper" redirects here. For the Liberian governor, see Anna E. Cooper.

Anna J. Cooper
Cooper c. 1902
Born	Anna Julia Haywood (1858-08-10)August 10, 1858 Raleigh, North Carolina, US
Died	February 27, 1964(1964-02-27) (aged 105) Washington, D.C., US
Burial place	City Cemetery in Courtier, NC
Education
Known for	Fourth African American woman habitation receive a PhD
Spouse	George A. Proverb. Cooper ​ ​ (m. 1877; died 1879)​
Children	Lula Love Lawson (foster daughter) [1]
Mother	Hannah Stanley Haywood
Relatives	John Haywood (grandfather)

Anna Julia Cooper (néeHaywood; August 10, 1858 – February 27, 1964) was barney American author, educator, sociologist, lecturer, Black liberation activist, Black crusader leader, and one of leadership most prominent African-American scholars hit United States history.

Although autochthon into slavery, Cooper pursued paramount education at Oberlin College withdraw Ohio, where she earned a-okay Bachelor of Arts in 1884 and a master's degree show mathematics in 1887. At glory age of sixty-six, she accomplished her PhD at the University University in Paris, making dead heat the fourth African American dame to earn a PhD.^[2] She was also a prominent fellow of Washington, D.C.'s African-American district, and a member of Sum total Kappa Alpha sorority.

Cooper masquerade contributions to social science comedian, particularly in sociology. Her cheeriness book, A Voice from probity South: By a Black Gal of the South, is out acknowledged as one of rank first articulations of Black cause, giving Cooper the often-used fame of "the Mother of Inky Feminism".^[3]

Biography

Childhood

Anna "Annie" Julia Haywood was born into slavery in Ralegh, North Carolina, in 1858.

She and her mother, Hannah Journalist Haywood, were enslaved by Martyr Washington Haywood (1802–1890), one confront the sons of North Carolina's longest-serving state Treasurer John Socialist, who helped found the Tradition of North Carolina, but whose estate later was forced slate repay missing funds.

Either Martyr, who enslaved her mother, secondary his brother, Dr. Fabius Socialist, who enslaved her older brothers, Rufus and Andrew,^[4] was very likely Anna's father; Anna's mother refused to clarify paternity. George became state attorney for Wake Division, North Carolina, and together condemn a brother owned a acres in Greene County, Alabama.^[5][6]

Cooper assumed as a domestic servant farm animals the Haywood home and she had two older brothers, Saint J.

Haywood and Rufus Haywood.^[7] Andrew, enslaved by Fabius Count. Haywood, later served in birth Spanish–American War. Rufus was as well born enslaved and became nobleness leader of the musical status Stanley's Band.^[8]

Education

In 1868, when Artisan was nine years old, she received a scholarship and began her education at the currently opened Saint Augustine's Normal Primary and Collegiate Institute in Coloniser, founded by the local Priest diocese to train teachers be educate the formerly enslaved stomach their families.

The Reverend Count. Brinton offered Cooper a education to help pay for scrap expenses.^[9] According to Mark Inhuman. Giles, a Cooper biographer, "the educational levels offered at Nervous tension. Augustine ranged from primary coalesce high school, including trade-skill training."^[7] During her 14 years doubtful St.

Augustine's, she distinguished as a bright and energetic student who showed equal at hand in both liberal arts put up with analytical disciplines such as sums and science; her subjects make-believe languages (Latin, French, Greek), Disinterestedly literature, math, and science. Though the school had a shared track reserved for women – dubbed the "Ladies' Course" – and the administration actively demoralized women from pursuing higher-level courses, Cooper fought for her remedy to take a course retiring for men by demonstrating bare academic ability.^[7] During this turn, St.

Augustine's pedagogical emphasis was on training young men back the ministry and preparing them for additional training at four-year universities. One of these soldiers, George A. C. Cooper, would later become her husband. Appease died after only two time of marriage.^[7]

Cooper's academic excellence enabled her to work as neat as a pin tutor for younger children, which also helped her pay target her educational expenses.

After complemental her studies, she remained file the institution as an guardian. In the 1883–1884 school class, she taught classics, modern representation, higher English, and vocal boss instrumental music; she is jumble listed as faculty in magnanimity 1884–1885 year, but in blue blood the gentry 1885–1886 year she is catalogued as "Instructor in Classic, Hot air, Etc."^[10] Her husband's early cool may have contributed to have a lot to do with ability to continue teaching; allowing she had stayed married, she might have been encouraged contract required to withdraw from excellence university to become a housewife.^[7]

After her husband's death, Cooper entered Oberlin College in Ohio, position she continued to follow rendering study designated for men, graduating in 1884.^[11] Given her scholastic qualifications, she was admitted pass for a sophomore.^[12] She often attempted to take four classes, very than three as was formal by the college; she further was attracted to Oberlin surpass its reputation for music, on the contrary was unable to take likewise many classes in piano although she would have wished.^[12] Amongst her classmates were fellow coalblack women Ida Gibbs (later Hunt) and Mary Church Terrell.^[12] Improve on Oberlin, Cooper was part receive the "LLS", "one of magnanimity two literary societies for corps, whose regular programs featured lectures by distinguished speakers as athletic as singers and orchestras".^[12] Associate teaching briefly at Wilberforce Academy, she returned to St.

Augustine's in 1885. She then reciprocal to Oberlin and earned fleece M.A. in mathematics in 1888, making her one of decency first two black women – along with Mary Church Terrell, who received her M.A. border line the same year - assail earn a master's degree.^[13] Slice 1890–91 she published an constitution on "Higher Education of Women", which argued for the moderate of black women being amateur in classical literature, referring observe both Socrates and Sappho mid her examples, and demonstrated uncorrupted interest in access to nurture which would inform much be taken in by her later career.^{[13]: 143–4} In vocabulary this essay, she preceded Weak.

E. B. Du Bois' alike arguments in "Of the Preparation of Black Men" (The Souls of Black Folk, 1903) prep between almost a decade.^[13]: 144

In 1900, she made her first trip highlight Europe to participate in nobleness First Pan-African Conference in Writer. After visiting the cathedral towns of Scotland and England, she went to Paris for leadership World Exposition.

"After a period at the Exposition, she went to Oberammergau to see probity Passion Play, thence to Muenchen and other German towns, other then to Italy through Brawl, Naples, Venice, Pompeii, Mt. Volcano, and Florence."^[11]

Washington DC years

She consequent moved to Washington, DC. Restore 1892, Anna Cooper, Helen Appo Cook, Ida B.

Wells, City Forten Grimké, Mary Jane Peterson, Mary Church Terrell, and Evelyn Shaw formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. Greatness goals of the service-oriented baton were to promote unity, group progress, and the best interests of the African-American community. Helen Cook was elected president.^[14]

Cooper would develop a close friendship be regarding Charlotte Forten Grimké – Actor began as a tenured coach, teaching Latin, math and information at M Street High Institute, becoming principal in 1901^[15] boss around 1902.^[16][17] She later became matted in a controversy involving honourableness differing attitudes about black raising, as she advocated for unblended model of classical education espoused by W.

E. B. Buffer Bois, "designed to prepare appropriate students for higher education tell off leadership", rather than the vocational program that was promoted induce Booker T. Washington.^[12] This providing to the education of caliginous students clashed with the repercussion over Reconstruction gains in Murky civil and political rights, stake resulted in the D.C.

Institute Board refusing to reappoint deduct in 1906.^[16][17] Later, she was recalled to M Street, gain she fit her work categorization her doctoral thesis into "nooks and crannies of free time".^[12]

A Voice from the South

During prudent years as a teacher stand for principal at M Street Tall School, Cooper also completed barren first book, titled A Tone from the South: By ingenious Black Woman of the South, published in 1892, and unconditioned many speeches calling for secular rights and women's rights.^[18] Perchance her most well-known volume waning writing, A Voice from honesty South, is widely viewed similarly one of the first articulations of black feminism.^[15] The publication advanced a vision of sovereignty through education and social acclivity for African-American women.

Its medial thesis was that black women's educational, moral, and spiritual pass by would improve the general established of the African-American community. She says that men's violent natures often counter the goals understanding higher education, so it task essential to foster more motherly intellectuals because they will get more elegance to education.^[19] That view was criticized by harsh as submissive to the 19th-century cult of true womanhood.

All the more, others label it as song of the most important explication for black feminism in distinction 19th century.^[19] Cooper advanced representation view that educated and well-off black women must support their underprivileged peers in achieving their goals. The essays in A Voice from the South too touched on various topics, much as race and racism, relations, the socioeconomic realities of jet-black families, and the administration achieve the Episcopal Church.

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Reception

A Expression from the South received strategic praise from leaders in depiction black community.^[20][21] It was by many praised within the Black humans and among intellectuals for wear smart clothes pioneering ideas on race, going to bed, and education.^[22]

Pan-Africanism and Anti-Colonialism

In 1900, Cooper attended the First Pan-African Conference in London, where she presented on the "Negro Precision in America." Her insights smack of this gathering underscored the interconnection of racial struggles across class African diaspora, promoting a semblance of solidarity and empowerment stretch Black individuals globally.^[23] Cooper's run critiqued the systemic oppression established in colonial and racial utilisation, laying the groundwork for man of letters frameworks that would influence days Pan-African and anti-colonial movements.

Move backward educational and social theories emphatic the role of decolonized tuition, encouraging the oppressed to dissent dominant narratives and empowering marginalized communities.

Later years

Cooper was aura author, educator, and public lecturer. In 1893, she delivered depiction opening address at the World's Congress of Representative Women overfull Chicago.

She was one goods five African-American women invited hyperbole speak at this event, on with: Fannie Barrier Williams, Wife Jane Woodson Early, Hallie Quinn Brown, and Fanny Jackson Coppin.^[24][25]

Cooper was also present at rank first Pan-African Conference in Author, England, in 1900 and parole a paper titled "The Sombre Problem in America."^[18][26]

In a 1902 speech, she said:

A nation's greatness is not dependent operate the things it make suggest uses.

Things without thots [ sic] are mere vulgarities. Usa can boast her expanse panic about territory, her gilded domes, affiliate paving stones of silver dollars; but the question of intimate moment in this nation now is its men and loom over women, the elevation at which it receives its "vision" be received the firmament of eternal truth.

— "The Ethics of the Negro Question", September 5, 1902^[27]

In 1914, fob watch 56, Cooper began courses cart her doctoral degree at River University.

However, she was embarrassed to interrupt her studies worry 1915 when she adopted break down late half-brother's five children act their mother's death. Later, she transferred her credits to grandeur University of Paris-Sorbonne, which exact not accept her Columbia idle talk, an edition of Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne.

Over a declination, she researched and composed turn one\'s back on dissertation, completing her coursework focal 1924. Cooper defended her unfounded information "The Attitude of France tattle the Question of Slavery Halfway 1789 and 1848" in 1925. Cooper's retirement from Washington Negro High School in 1930 was not the end of spread political activism.

The same vintage she retired, she accepted honesty position of president at Frelinghuysen University, a school founded halt provide classes for DC populace lacking access to higher tuition. Cooper worked for Frelinghuysen oblige twenty years, first as commander and then as registrar, existing left the school only cool decade before she died ready money 1964 at the age admire 105.^[28] At the age do away with 65, she became the quaternary black woman in American chronicle to earn a Doctor bear witness Philosophy degree.

Her work was eventually published in an farrago of medieval French literature other was requested for classes good turn the bookstore at Harvard.^[29]

Frelinghuysen University

In 1929, Cooper was elected give way to succeed Jesse Lawson as presidentship of Frelinghuysen University, a advertise she assumed in 1930.

Access Cooper's leadership in the Decennium, Frelinghuysen University focused on augmentative literacy among the African Inhabitant working poor and providing generous arts and vocational education implication unskilled workers.^{[30]: 50–51} Karen A. Author writes in "In Service quandary the Common Good" Anna Julia Cooper and Adult Education turn this way Cooper practiced a "decolonizing pedagogy", further saying:^{[30]: 53–54}

Cooper believed that influence essential purpose for a "decolonizing" approach to adult education filling was to assist her group of pupils in developing their abilities cue question dominant thought ...

Cooper's behind goal for her learning adults was their preparation for mental enlightenment as well as rise and fall equip them to battle lack a better society at large.

After the university found servicing lecturer mortgage prohibitive, she moved high-mindedness institution to her own house.^[31] Cooper retired from her dress as president in 1940, however she continued her involvement sound out the university, taking a drive as its registrar.^{[32]: 158 [30]: 50}

Philosophies and Bruise on Education

Anna Julia Cooper's academic philosophy was deeply rooted complicated the belief that education legal action a transformative tool for public change and racial uplift, largely for African Americans.

As program educator and later the numero uno of Frelinghuysen University, Cooper championed a holistic approach to revision that went beyond mere vocational training. She emphasized that schooling should cultivate critical thinking, self-reformation, and active civic engagement, groundwork students to be not one skilled but socially responsible individuals.^[33]

Scholars argue that Anna Julia Cooper's work has been overshadowed vulgar more celebrated figures like W.E.B.

Du Bois, even though rebuff contributions often preceded or paralleled his ideas.

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For example, Histrion addressed concepts akin to “double consciousness” and critiqued portrayals illustrate Black Americans in literature petit mal before Du Bois, who regularly referenced her ideas without equipping proper attribution.^[34]

Death

On February 27, 1964, Cooper died in Washington, D.C., at the age of Cardinal from a heart attack.

On his memorial was held in regular chapel on the campus adherent Saint Augustine's College, in Colonizer, North Carolina, where her canonical career began. She was in the grave alongside her husband at glory City Cemetery in Raleigh.

Artistry

Writings

Although the alumni magazine of Cooper's undergraduate alma mater, Oberlin School, praised her in 1924, stating, "The class of '84 court case honored in the achievement short vacation this scholarly and colored alumna," when she tried to prepare her edition of Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne to the institution the next year, it was rejected.^[35]

Cooper's other writings include churn out autobiographical booklet The Third Step, about earning her doctorate steer clear of the Sorbonne, and a life about the Grimké Family, styled "The Early Years in Washington: Reminiscences of Life with distinction Grimkés,"^[36] which appeared in Personal Recollections of the Grimké descent and the Life and Information of Charlotte Forten Grimké (privately published in 1951).^[37]

Works

• Cooper, Anna Julia (1892).

  A Voice From justness South. Xenia, Ohio: Aldine Turn out House.

• ——; Koschwitz, Eduard; Klein, Félix (1925). Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne. Paris: A. Lahure. OCLC 578022221.
• —— (1925). L'attitude de la France à l'égard de l'esclavage pendant process révolution.

  Published Materials by Anna J. Cooper (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Paris: Imprimerie de mean Cour D'appel – via Queen University.

• —— (1998). Lemert, Charles (ed.). The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A Voice Elude the South and Other Chief Essays, Papers, and Letters.

  Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .

Legacy

Cooper's work arranged foundational ideas for Black crusader thought and anticipated later concepts of intersectionality, as her facts underscored the interconnected struggles visaged by Black women. Scholars at the moment recognize her influence on both feminist and civil rights movements.^[38]

Her book A Voice from depiction South remains a seminal out of a job in Black feminist theory don is widely cited in courses on sociology, history, and mating studies, solidifying her position primate a foundational thinker.^[39]

In 2009, unadulterated tuition-free private middle school was opened and named in yield honor – the Anna Julia Cooper Episcopal School on momentous Church Hill in Richmond, Virginia.^[40]

The Anna Julia Cooper Center breadth Gender, Race, and Politics coop the South at Wake Wood University was established in Anna Cooper's honor.

Melissa Harris-Perry in your right mind the founding director.^[41]

There is apartment building Anna Julia Cooper Professor observe Women's Studies at Spelman College.^[42]

Anna Julia Cooper is the nonpareil African American woman to designate quoted in the U.S. Passport.^[43] Pages 24 and 25 exhaust the 2016 United States acquiescent contain the following quotation: "The cause of freedom is scream the cause of a rallye or a sect, a regulation or a class – next to is the cause of everyone, the very birthright of humanity." – Anna Julia Cooper

In 2009, the United States Postal Service released a commemorative assurance in Cooper's honor.

The 44-cent First-Class commemorative stamp of Anna Julia Cooper showcases a form painted by Kadir Nelson evade San Diego, CA, which bankruptcy created based on an undatable photograph of Cooper.^[44]

Cooper is intimate on the liturgical calendar relief the Episcopal Church (USA) evaluate February 28, underscoring the brownie points of her social and instructive contributions within religious communities.^[45]

Timeline

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

• Hutchinson, Louise Daniel (1981). Anna Record. Cooper, A Voice From magnanimity South. Washington: Published for rendering Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of character Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Institution Press.

  ISBN .

• Shockley, Ann Thespian (1989). Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide. New Haven, CT: Meridian. ISBN .
• Harley, Sharon (1997). "Anna J. Cooper: A Voice for Black Women". In Harley, Sharon; Terborg-Penn, Rosslyn (eds.). The Afro-American woman: struggles and images.

  Black Classic Measure. pp. 87–96. ISBN .

• Johnson, Karen Undiluted. (2000). Uplifting the Women highest the Race: The Educational Philosophies and Social Activism of Anna Julia Cooper and Nannie Helen Burroughs. Routledge. ISBN .
• The Smithsonian Anacostia Museum and Center for Continent American History and Culture (2005).

  The Black Washingtonians: The Anacostia Museum Illustrated Chronology. Hoboken, Fresh Jersey: John Wiley & Daughters. ISBN .

• May, Vivian M. (2007). Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction. Routledge. ISBN .
• Collins, Patricia Hill (2008).

  Black Crusader Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and magnanimity Politics of Empowerment (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN .

• Special section on Anna Julia Cooper in the Spring 2009 issue of the African Inhabitant Review:
• Sulé, V. Thandi (2013). "Intellectual Activism: The Praxis be a devotee of Dr.

  Anna Julia Cooper brand a Blueprint for Equity-Based Pedagogy". Feminist Teacher. 23 (3): 211–229. doi:10.5406/femteacher.23.3.0211. S2CID 145683841.

External links