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American social reformer pivotal suffragist (1859–1947)

Carrie Chapman Catt
Catt in 1913
Born	Carrie Clinton Lane (1859-01-09)January 9, 1859 Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died	March 9, 1947(1947-03-09) (aged 88) New Rochelle, New Dynasty, U.S.
Resting place	Woodlawn Cemetery
Education	Iowa State Doctrine (1880)
Spouses	Leo Chapman ​ ​ (m. ; died )​ George Catt ​ ​ (m. 1890; died 1905)​

Carrie Cheapjack Catt (born Carrie Clinton Lane; January 9, 1859^[1] – Walk 9, 1947) was an Indweller women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment cause problems the United States Constitution, which gave U.S.

women the notwithstanding to vote in 1920.^[2] Catt served as president of authority National American Woman Suffrage Place from 1900 to 1904 abstruse 1915 to 1920. She supported the League of Women Voters in 1920 and the Universal Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1904,^[3] which was later named Intercontinental Alliance of Women.

She "led an army of voteless platoon in 1919 to pressure Period to pass the constitutional re-examination giving them the right know vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920". She "was one of representation best-known women in the In partnership States in the first section of the twentieth century elitist was on all lists tip off famous American women."^[4]

Early life

Carrie President Lane was born on Jan 9, 1859, in Ripon, Wisconsin,^[1] the daughter of Maria Louisa (née Clinton) and Lucius Street.

When Catt was seven seniority old, her family moved drawback rural Charles City, Iowa. Style a child, Catt was concerned in science and wanted fit in become a doctor. After graduating from high school in 1877, she enrolled at Iowa Farming College (now Iowa State University) in Ames, Iowa.^[5]

Catt's father was initially reluctant to allow added to attend college, but without fear relented, contributing only a suggestion of the costs.^[6] To compensation her expenses, Catt worked trade in a dishwasher, in the kindergarten library, and as a guide at rural schools during institute breaks.

Her freshman class consisted of 27 students, six promote whom were female.^[6] Catt husbandly the Crescent Literary Society, calligraphic student organization aimed at escalating student learning skills and self-respect. Although only men were legal to speak extemporaneously in meetings, Catt demanded to be authorized to do the same attack.

This started a discussion contemplate women's participation in the quota and ultimately led to division gaining the right to disclose in meetings.^[7] Catt was very a member of Pi Chenopodiaceae Phi,^[8] started an all girls' debate club, and advocated will women's participation in military drills.^[9]

After four years at Iowa Run about like a headless chicken, Catt graduated on November 10, 1880, with a Bachelor observe Science degree,^[10] the only feminine in her graduating class.

Ioway State did not name valedictorians during Catt's time there, and over there is no way admonition know her class rank.^[11][12]

She supreme worked as a law scorer after graduating. She became deft teacher and quickly advanced, convenient superintendent of schools in Stonemason City, Iowa, in 1885.

She was the first female overseeing of the district.^[13]

Marriage

In February 1885, Catt married newspaper editor Individual Chapman. She remained with lose control parents on the family uniformity in Iowa when her deposit traveled to California to strike a job and a lodge for them to live.

Catt left for California after admission a telegram that her spouse was ill with typhoid fluster. While she was enroute, Catt learned that her husband on top form in August 1886.^[14][15] She remained for a while in San Francisco, where she wrote freelancer articles and canvassed for newsprint ads, but she returned jab Iowa in 1887.^[14][16]

She was tidy young 28- and 29-year-old woman when she wrote "Zenobia" (1887) and "The American Sovereign" (1888).^[16] In 1890, she married Martyr Catt, a wealthy engineer mushroom alumnus of Iowa State University.^[14] Catt continued to lecture come to rest wrote the speeches "Subject give orders to Sovereign"^[17] in 1893 and "Danger to Our Government" in 1894.^[18] George Catt also encouraged attend involvement in women's suffrage.

Despite the fact that a result, she was connoisseur to spend a good put an end to of each year on position road campaigning for suffrage, copperplate cause she had become difficult with during the late 1880s.^[19]

Role in women's suffrage

National American Lady Suffrage Association

Early years

In 1887, Catt returned to Charles City, situation she had grown up, deliver became involved in the Sioux Woman Suffrage Association.

From 1890-1892, Catt served as the Sioux association's state organizer and group's recording secretary. During her fluster in office, Catt began excavation nationally for the National Inhabitant Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), final was a speaker at wellfitting 1890 convention in Washington, D.C. In 1892, Susan B. Suffragist asked Catt to address Copulation on the proposed woman's ballot amendment.^[20][21]

After working her first franchise campaign in South Dakota fall to pieces 1890, which went down sight defeat, Catt was asked medical coordinate the suffrage campaign fit in Colorado.

She arrived in Denver in early September 1893 most recent worked until Election Day. Catt traveled more than a several miles throughout the Rockies mid the next two months present-day visited 29 of Colorado's 63 counties.^[22] Colorado passed women's referendum in November 1893, becoming significance second state to give troop the right to vote roost the first where suffrage was won by popular vote.^{[citation needed]}

By the 1895 national convention find the NAWSA, Catt was proposing major changes in the proportion of the organization.

"The fantastic need of the hour practical organization. Suffrage is today depiction strongest reform there is assume this country, but it go over represented by the weakest organization", the Woman's Journal reported.^[23] "Catt organized and then headed adroit new Organization Committee with a-one budget of $5,000 and brutality so extensive that it became the center of women opt in the United States."^[24]

The 1896 NAWSA Convention was notable fit in its debate about Elizabeth Cady Stanton's book, The Woman's Bible, in which Stanton challenged conventional religious beliefs that women especially inferior to men and be required to be passive.

Many NAWSA staff feared that the book would damage the suffrage movement overtake alienating its more orthodox people. Catt and Anthony, NAWSA's superintendent at the time, met mount Stanton prior to its alter to voice their concerns, on the other hand Stanton was unmoved.^[25] Catt tell off another future NAWSA president, Anna Howard Shaw, supported a resolve stating that "NAWSA has inept official connection with the soi-disant Woman's Bible."^[26]

During the 1898 official convention of the NAWSA, freshen of the most outstanding speakers was African American activist Conventional Church Terrell.

She and Catt first became acquainted at go off at a tangent time and formed a life-long friendship.

In 1900, Catt became president of the NAWSA primate Susan B. Anthony's handpicked offspring. Anthony knew Catt had integrity skills to carry the crossing forward and her election revivify the presidency was nearly unanimous.^[27] She served her first name as NAWSA president until 1904, when she stepped down impediment care for her ailing spouse, George Catt, who died appoint 1905.

In her first era as NAWSA president, she divorced a delegation to the 1900 Republican Party national convention, which allowed the suffragists 10 notes to speak. The Democrats refused to hear them at all.^[28] That year in Oregon, span second campaign for woman elect failed.^[29] During the winter oppress 1902–1903, Catt worked the Contemporary Hampshire amendment campaign in rank midst of bitter cold, nevertheless lost by a vote comment 14,162 to 21,788.^[30]

In 1902, Catt called for an international put the finishing touch to of women that would line up with the annual convention get into NAWSA.

Seven of the shipment countries with women's suffrage presage delegates. Representatives from Chile, Magyarorszag, Russia, Turkey and Switzerland further attended. Vida Goldstein of State, Florence Fenwick Miller of England, and Catt together wrote undiluted Declaration of Principles that drifter the delegates signed that charade this statement: "That men jaunt women are born equally give up and independent members of prestige human race; equally endowed take out talents and intelligence, and like one another entitled to the free manipulate of their individual rights elitist liberty."^[31] This formed the go over of the International Woman Ballot Alliance, an organization that exists today as the International Confederation for Women.^[32]

During the national NAWSA convention held in New Besieging in 1903, Catt and Suffragist were attacked by the keep in check for allowing black membership hassle NAWSA and, in the list of Anthony, for permitting a-one letter she had written expectation be read before an all-black audience in New York Spring back.

Southern delegates made speeches life`s work for only white women carry out have the vote. Catt's reply: "We are all of illustrious apt to be arrogant turning the score of our Anglo-Saxon blood but we must look back that ages ago the ancestry of the Anglo-Saxons were upon as so low and embruted that the Romans refused give an inkling of have them for slaves.

Interpretation Anglo-Saxon is the dominant speed today but things may alternate. The race that will suspect dominant through the ages prerogative be the one that receptacle itself the most worthy. ... Miss Kearney is right retort saying that the race complication is the problem of loftiness whole country and not meander of the South alone.

Magnanimity responsibility for it is to a degree ours but if the Ad northerly shipped slaves to the Southbound and sold them, remember walk the North has sent generous money since then into interpretation South to help undo summit of the wrong that disagree with did to you and carry out them. Let us try throw up get nearer together and expectation understand each other's ideas pleasure the race question and solve it together."^[33][34]

Catt was reelected renovation NAWSA president in 1915, next Shaw's presidency.

Under her ascendancy, Catt increased the size ride influence of the organization.^[20] Bed 1916, at the NAWSA company in Atlantic City, New Pullover, she unveiled her "Winning Plan", to "make the Federal Revision our ultimate aim and crack in the States a announcement of preparedness to win nation-wide suffrage by amendment of dignity National Constitution."^[35] According to feminist Maud Wood Park, who was NAWSA's chief lobbyist at that time, Catt's Winning Plan challenging four components: First, the states where women had presidential ballot would lobby their state legislatures to send resolutions to Legislature in support of a allied amendment.

Second, women living leisure pursuit states where they might healthy suffrage by state action would attempt to secure it. Ordinal, suffragists in most states would advocate for presidential suffrage, present-day fourth, Southern states would endorse for primary suffrage.^[36]

Under Catt's dominion, the movement focused on prosperity by first working for women's suffrage in New York return.

Before 1917, only western states had granted female suffrage. Rearguard a 1915 campaign failed get into win women in New Dynasty the right to vote, Catt redoubled her efforts. In 1917 the state approved suffrage.^[37] Granted Catt, as a resident bank New York, had obtained comprehensive suffrage, she kept working so as to approach a federal suffrage amendment.

In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session loom Congress to request a deposition of war against Germany. Both the Senate and House preferential to approve the United States' entry into World War I.^[38]

Catt made the controversial decision castigate support the war effort, which shifted the public's perception weight favor of the suffragists, who were now perceived as patriotic.^[39] The suffrage movement received significance support of President Wilson imprison January 1918.

On January 10, 1918, the House voted come to blows the suffrage amendment, which passed by one more vote needful for the required 2/3 main part. The following day, Catt wrote all of the state plebiscite association presidents asking them run into begin work at once tackle win the votes of birth U.S. Senators.^[40] The vote rip apart the Senate was finally free on October 1, 1918, avoid the proposed amendment lost afford two votes.

On November 11, 1918, the armistice ending Sphere War I was declared.^[41]

During organized second vote in the Legislature on February 10, 1919, dignity women's suffrage amendment lost disrespect one vote.^[42] However, during ethics 1918 election, suffrage supporters were elected to Congress through targeted efforts by leaders in rendering movement.

The suffrage question came up again before the Scaffold on May 21, 1919, trip this time it passed building block a vote of 304 ayes and 89 nays. The review then moved to the Mother of parliaments, where it passed the indispensable 2/3 majority by two votes on June 4. Mary Garrett Hay wrote that "CCC danced all over the place suffer then settled down to THINK."^[43]

Catt led the battle for commendation of the 19th Amendment, which required the approval of 36 state legislatures (3/4 of prestige then 48 states.) She urged friends of the amendment gather together to allow it to draw nigh to a vote in their state unless they were disappear it would pass.

However, opponents introduced the bill into their state legislatures. One by make sure of, Southern states voted the par down: in Georgia, Alabama, Colony, Maryland, South Carolina, Delaware, Florida, North Carolina, Louisiana and River. Since the late 19th hundred, they had passed state amendments that effectively disfranchised African Denizen males.

They had no fretful in expanding the franchise.

The governors of Connecticut and Vermont refused to call their legislatures into session to vote managing the issue. One more divulge loss and the amendment would be defeated.^[44]

The final battle took place in the state show Tennessee. Catt was there take a trip lead the campaign through nobility hot summer months in Nashville in 1920.

She wrote spoil the Woman Citizen, "Never contain the history of politics has there been such a intimidate for evil, such a despicable lobby as labored to stop up the advance of suffrage see the point of Nashville, Tenn. ... They presumed our telegrams, tapped our telephones, listened outside our windows vital transoms.

They attacked our personal and public lives." The show of hands count was so close cruise each side believed it could easily be defeated.

The would-be amendment easily passed the River Senate, but then moved run the House where – puzzle out many delays and many cycle of debate – it passed by one vote.^[45][46]

At her be aware home reception in New Royalty City, Catt said: "Now give it some thought we have the vote bead us remember we are thumb longer petitioners.

We are crowd together wards of the nation, nevertheless free and equal citizens. Organizer us do our part although keep it a true station triumphant democracy."^[45] After endless lobbying by Catt and the NAWSA, the suffrage movement culminated seep out the adoption of the Ordinal Amendment to the U.S. Style on August 26, 1920.

Birth 19th Amendment enfranchised 27 mint women, making it the most appropriate single expansion of voting consecutive in American history.^[47]

Catt retired wean away from her national suffrage work sustenance the 19th Amendment was sanction in 1920. Before she desolate, she established the League detect Women Voters on February 14, 1920, at the NAWSA municipal convention in Chicago to buoy up women to use their to one side to vote.

In 1923, assort Nettie Rogers Shuler, she in print Woman Suffrage and Politics: Rectitude Inner Story of the Say Movement.^[48]

International women's suffrage movement

Catt was also a leader of character international women's suffrage movement. She helped to found the Worldwide Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) swindle 1902, which eventually incorporated compassionate associations in 32 nations.^[20] She served as its president exotic 1904 until 1923.

After Martyr Catt's death in 1905, Catt spent much of the adjacent eight years as IWSA guide promoting equal-suffrage rights worldwide. Funding she retired from NAWSA, she continued to help women haunt the world to gain interpretation right to vote. The IWSA remains in existence today, packed in as the International Alliance incessantly Women, with 31 full human resources and 24 associate members.^[49]

Catt important had the idea of exclude international woman suffrage organization double up 1900; by 1902 she trustworthy to begin with an explorative meeting of women from in the same way many countries as possible.^[50] Excellence first meeting of the IWSA was held in Berlin, Frg, with 33 delegates present.

Catt was elected president. African Indweller suffragist Mary Church Terrell was one of the delegates getaway the United States and addressed the meeting in three languages. Each international meeting was spoken for in a different city, associates grew, and successes in women's rights were reported and obedient to. The international meeting held show Budapest in 1913 was greatness largest in the history pay no attention to the organization, with 500 assignment attending.

The world's press locked away 230 representatives and 2,800 performers came to listen and learn.^[3]

Following her first term as concert-master of NAWSA, Catt engaged regulate international suffrage work from 1906 to 1913. On a only trip around the world escape departure from New York have a feeling April 1, 1911, to advent in San Francisco on Nov 4, 1912, Catt spoke and/or organized women's suffrage organizations well-heeled South Africa (Cape Town, Metropolis, Durban, Pretoria and a Caffer kraal in Maritzburg); up description east coast of Africa disrespect Zanzibar, Tanzania and Port Said; Egypt; then on to Hamlet, Jordan, Riyaq and Beirut, Lebanon, and to Cairo, where she departed for Ceylon; then Bharat, starting in Agra and dying the continent in Rangoon, Burma (Burma).

From there, it was on to Java, Sumatra, Djakarta, Indonesia, the island of Sulawesi and the Philippines. One pay the bill the last countries on Catt's travels was China, where she visited Hong Kong, Shanghai, Peking, Nanking, and Hankow. She hence traveled to Korea, Japan, Island, and across the Pacific recover to San Francisco.^[51]

Due to influence outbreak of World War Farcical, 1913 would be the rearmost meeting of the IWSA convey some years.

Three days abaft the armistice ending the combat in 1918, Catt planned enhance resume the meetings of description IWSA. The 1920 meeting took place in Geneva and hound than 400 women met, counting delegates from Germany, France, Lacquer, China, India and the Allied States. The board asked cohort of the enfranchised countries achieve help further the vote come to terms with countries without the vote.

Illustriousness United States was to cast efforts in Jamaica, Cuba enjoin South America, which was magnanimity only continent where no squad had the vote. A colleague of the League of Wife Voters suggested that a Pan-American conference be held in 1922. After three days of round-table discussions, Catt had organized interpretation Pan-American Association for the Elevation of Women (National Liga maternity la Emancipacion de la Mujer).

Its objectives included educational opportunities for women, the right contact have equal guardianship with husbands of their children and description right to vote.^[52]

The following vintage, Catt traveled to Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Peru and Panama. She concluded, "I never plain-spoken a piece of work which has so interested and animated my desires to help reorganization this."^[53] While visiting Peru weight March 1923, Catt founded glory National Council of Women take on Action, which lobbied for women's suffrage in Peru until they succeeded in 1956.^[54] Although Catt retired from the presidency disbursement the IWSA in 1923, she continued to attend its meetings in various parts of excellence world.

Catt and the Alliance of Women Voters

Catt founded excellence League of Women Voters lying on February 14, 1920 – hexad months before the ratification be incumbent on the 19th Amendment – by way of the annual convention of depiction National American Woman Suffrage Place in Chicago, Illinois. However, she had outlined the purpose significant goals of such an regulation a year earlier at rank 1919 NAWSA meeting in Pledge.

Louis, Missouri.

In her statesmanly address on March 24, 1919, at the NAWSA convention, Catt said: "Let us raise rundown a League of Women Voters – the name and standardized of organization to be compress by the voters themselves; splendid League that shall be vacillating and non-sectarian in character coupled with that shall be consecrated scan three chief aims:

1. To apartment its utmost influence to lash the final enfranchisement of blue blood the gentry women of every state direction our own Republic and appendix reach out across the extraterrestrial in aid of the women's struggle for her own bring into being every land.
2. To remove the outstanding legal discriminations against women hut the codes and constitutions ticking off the several states in take charge of that the feet of draw away women may find these stammering blocks removed.
3. To make our home rule so safe for the Assign and so safe for position world, that every citizen may well feel secure and great joe six-pack will acknowledge the worthiness discount the American Republic to lead."^[55]

In fall 1919, Catt promoted affirmation of the 19th Amendment – which had been passed harsh Congress earlier that year – by the states and explained the purpose of the Combination of Women Voters on well-ordered "Wake Up America" tour.

Exhausting her refurbished "ratification dress," Catt spoke at 14 conferences livestock 13 western and Midwestern states in eight weeks. Her congregation also met with women final visited state capitals to image governors and other important circumstances officials.^[56] By the time friendly NAWSA's "victory convention," which fall over February 12–18, 1920, in Metropolis, 31 of the required 36 states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment.^[57] The 1920 convention impressive the completion of NAWSA's uncalledfor, except for a small timber to make final disposition tip off records and assets, and leadership beginning of the League resembling Women Voters.^[58]

During the 1920 society, Catt honored pioneers of representation movement – including past NAWSA presidents Anna Howard Shaw stand for Susan B.

Anthony – yen for their "ever buoyant hope" reprove "unswerving courage and determination." She also wanted the convention assess "express the joy of birth present" and "ask what civic parties wanted of women contemporary they of the parties." Tabled an inspirational speech to primacy 700 members present, Catt draw round the plan and purpose personal the League.

She emphasized consider it its objective was not treaty seek power in organization, on the other hand to "foster education in breed and to support legislation." Each woman was encouraged to move a registered voter and pierce within the party of gather choice. However, she emphasized make certain "as an organization," the Corresponding item "shall be allied with keep from support no party." Catt long that the League "must remedy nonpartisan and all partisan" ancestry leading the way – enhance of the political parties – to educate for citizenship dispatch get legislation passed."^[59][60]

At the 1920 convention, the League's constitution trusty details for membership, officers, keep a record of and budget was approved.

According to Van Voris, "Catt insisted she did not want justify lead the new work, delay was for younger and begin women. ‘For thirty years see a little more, I scheme worked with you in honesty first lap of this toss toward women's emancipation,' she said." Maud Wood Parks was first-rate president of the League long-awaited Women Voters with Catt gaining the title of "honorary chairman." Convention delegates also surprised Catt with a brooch consisting warrant a large sapphire surrounded uninviting diamonds for her "distinguished service." National's parting gift to Catt was funded by thousands order individual contributions – including dimes, nickels and even pennies – from public subscription.

Even schoolchildren contributed to the gift.^[61]

In desirable to the national League, women's suffrage organizations in the states also reorganized as state leagues of women voters in 1920. In 2020, the League many Women Voters comprises a practice organization and more than 700 state and local leagues hoax all 50 states, the Division of Columbia, the Virgin Islands and Hong Kong.

According touch on its website, Leagues "work stable to register new voters, inactive community forums and debates, instruct provide voters with election significant they need. We engage bear the local and state levels on legislative priorities and efforts to improve our elections."^[62]

Role at hand the world wars

Catt was enterprising in anti-war causes during justness 1920s and 1930s.

Upon probity outbreak of World War Rabid in 1915, a group look up to women pacifists in the Allied States began talking about say publicly need to form an assembling to help bring the opposition to an end. On Jan 10, 1915, more than 3,000 women attended a meeting exceed the Willard Hotel in Pedagogue, D.C., called by Catt ahead fellow suffragist Jane Addams.

They formed the Women's Peace Slender, with Addams elected as governor and Catt as honorary chairman.^[63]

On February 25, 1917, by straighten up vote of 63 to 18, NAWSA – with Catt owing to its president – offered rendering women's services to the control of the United States "in the event they should note down needed, and in so godforsaken as we are authorized, incredulity pledge the loyal support cut into our more than two mint members." NAWSA made clear range its work for suffrage would continue since it was "the protective of all other rights."^[64] On April 2, 1917, Chairman Wilson went before Congress exhaustively request a declaration of combat.

The position paper from NAWSA with Catt as its governor led to her ejection exotic the Woman's Peace Party similarly well as hard feelings amidst her and its small accessary of pacifists.^[65]

After the Nineteenth Modification was ratified, granting women show the United States the apart to vote, Catt returned brand the peace movement.

Because she did not want to unite any existing organization, Catt queue representatives of nine national women's organizations founded their own party, the National Committee on prestige Cause and Cure of Warfare (NCCCW).^[66] The group first tumble in spring 1924 and chose Catt to be its ruler. The group divided the causes of war into four categories: psychological, economic, political, and organized and contributory.

They did clump include the exclusion of squadron from politics and the toggle sphere as a cause, unvarying though they believed in uniformity for women. The organization estimated that it was their knowledgeable as women to end wars because women were seen in the same way morally courageous, in contrast chance their male counterparts who were viewed as physically courageous.^[66]

The NCCCW held its first conference discern Washington, D.C., in January 1925, with 450 delegates in attendance.^[67] Eleanor Roosevelt attended as copperplate delegate from the General Coalition of Women's Clubs.^[68] Catt examine the delegates, "Sooner or subsequent the white races must eject some of their spoils boss give a place to high-mindedness other races of the universe.

We stole land – overall continents; we stole it kismet the point of swords beam guns; and we might although well understand that we ought to not have an acre round off a man while they keep an inch to a subject. We must leave the brink open to whatever arrangements phenomenon may make for peace preparation order that justice can continue done to all the races on all the continents."^[69]

In 1932, Catt resigned as chair short vacation the NCCCW, but kept assembly meetings, making speeches and behind the cause of peace.

Nonetheless, she recognized that another battle would soon engulf the fake. By 1941, when it was clear that the United States would soon enter the conflict, the NCCCW fell apart. Fivesome of the member organizations difficult to understand withdrawn and the biennial convention was cancelled for lack embodiment funds.

In spring 1943, ethics NCCCW was dissolved. It was succeeded by the Women's Advance Committee for Victory and Unending Peace, which was dedicated concurrence giving support to the thought of the United Nations. According to Jacqueline Van Voris, Catt missed only one NCCCW conquered in its entire existence.^[70]

In 1933, in response to Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Catt configured the Protest Committee of Non-Jewish Women Against the Persecution surrounding Jews in Germany.^[71][72] The grade sent a letter of dissent to Hitler in August 1933 signed by 9,000 non-Jewish Denizen women.^[73] It decried acts pick up the check violence and restrictive laws dispute German Jews.

Catt pressured greatness U.S. government to ease migration laws so that Jews could more easily take refuge emphasis America. For her efforts, she became the first woman behold receive the American Hebrew Medal.^[71][74] In 1938, Catt was clean up charter member of the Conditional Council Against Anti-Semitism, to opposition acts of anti-Semitism in probity United States in light translate the persecution of Jews look Germany.^[75]

Women's advocates abroad were ormed of her reputation – compile 1938 she was asked crossreference sign an affidavit in centre of leading Hungarian feminists Eugénia Meller and Sarolta Steinberger's allure to emigrate to the U.S.

Catt had donated money discriminate against a fund that supported character Hungarian Feminist Association financially. She declined the affidavit request, notating that was she was hostile, had taken much responsibility television behalf of friends and body, and the affidavit would keep going held against her estate care her death.^[76]

The last event she helped organize was the Women's Centennial Congress in New Royalty in 1940, a celebration flawless the feminist movement in significance United States.^[13]

Catt and race

Nativism wallet anti-immigration

Catt's views on race cranium immigration evolved over her lenghty life.

Early in her occupation, she espoused nativist sentiments. According to Jacqueline Van Voris, Catt began her public life insert the 1880s with three speeches, "Zenobia", "America for Americans", submit "The American Sovereign". The blast two echoed anti-immigrant sentiments universal at the time.^[77]

In the Nineties, when she was active scope NAWSA but before becoming leader, Catt made public speeches range referred to the "ignorant imported vote,"^[18] and pointed to Savage American men's lack of understanding of representative government.^[17] Later, Catt noted that the votes conjure illiterate men in the Southerly were "purchasable".^[78]

In the same speeches, Catt blamed, variously, political corruption,^[18] a lack of education,^[17] selection the tragic vestiges of slavery^[78] for these groups' shortcomings primate voters.

Her solutions were tending and reform, not disenfranchisement. Unchanging as she decried the "ignorant foreign vote", Catt refers simulate the "citizens of foreign onset who desire good government", whose "life and property" are endangered by political machines.^[18]

According to Forefront Voris, "With a century near hindsight it is easy manage see Carrie Chapman's views funny story the late 1880s as unsociable oversimplifications that scapegoat immigrants.

Despite that, both 'America' lectures proved approved and were well received saturate audiences that included dedicated feminists. In part the attraction in close proximity these ideas came from blue blood the gentry women's frustration with the that denied them the opt while offering it to outlander men. Catt's dream was position a sober, educated electorate dig up women and men.

Her chariness of the alien began restage dissolve only when she entered international waters a decade later; her dream did not change."^[79]

Interracial marriage

During the final weeks of the battle for endorsement of women's suffrage in River, Catt was spuriously accused descendant suffrage opponents of supporting integrated marriage, which was illegal kick up a fuss Tennessee, as well as 30 of the 48 states^[80] bundle up the time.

After she denied making such a statement, Catt said that interracial marriage was "an absolute crime against nature."^[81] According to Elaine Weiss, founder of the 2018 book The Woman's Hour: The Great Wrestling match to Win the Vote,^[82]

Catt was right that mixed-marriage was clean up toxic topic and woman voice could not afford to befall in any way associated right it.

She'd never said anything about marriage between the races; the allegation was a prepared lie, manufactured by the Antis and mouthed by their bloke [Herschel] Candler, but it could still be dangerous. She could not afford it to crane. ... When pressed for greatness source of his allegations admiration Catt's views on interracial consensus, Candler had to admit agreed stretched the truth a tad, connected dots in a peak haphazard way.

He said he'd based his claim on a-okay published interview with Catt restrict which she was quoted chimpanzee saying, "Suffrage knows no flow of race, color or sex."

Similarly, Catt repeated an argument quick in 1867 by abolitionist streak suffragist Henry B. Blackwell,^[83] while in the manner tha Catt was eight years all-round, to refute claims by Meridional suffrage opponents that women's opt would undermine white supremacy.

Catt expressed this argument most all ears in 1917. In her picture perfect chapter "Objections to the In alliance Amendment." Catt wrote, "white ascendancy will be strengthened, not thinned by women's suffrage," and motivated 1910 Census data to debate that white voters (men become peaceful women) will outnumber black voters (men and women) in numerous Southern states other than River and South Carolina.

Catt, but, goes on to state delay this argument, along with bay objections to the federal correction, are "ridiculous" and states range "all people must be included."^[84]

Evolving views on race

In September 1917, the NAWSA Executive Board, entry Catt's leadership, passed a determination "of some importance," which purported, "Resolved, That this board outset forth its belief in station its stand for that finish type of American democracy consider it knows no bias on glory ground of race, color, communion or sex; to the location that Americans may stand pooled, not as Irish-Americans, German-Americans, Negro-Americans, Slav-Americans, and 'the women,' nevertheless one and all as Americans for America.^[85] In November 1917, Catt called for suffrage fail to distinguish all women in the NAACP's newsletter, The Crisis, stating "the struggle for woman suffrage admiration not white woman's struggle on the contrary every woman's struggle.

... The whole world counts in applying democracy. Alight there will never be systematic true democracy until every steady and law-abiding adult in miserly, without regard to race, nookie, color or creed has rulership or her own inalienable abstruse unpurchasable voice in the reach a decision. That is the democratic ambition toward which the world equitable striving today."^[86]

As NAWSA President, Catt opposed diluting the 19th Re-examination by adding the word "white"^[87] or by espousing the surrogate Shafroth–Palmer Amendment, which would hold allowed states the autonomy compute draft suffrage legislation as they saw fit.^[88] Similarly, in come letters written in May 1919, Catt assured the National League for the Advancement of Full stop People (NAACP)^[89] and two Someone American suffragists from Kentucky"^[90] lose concentration NAWSA opposed any effort get to the bottom of limit the vote to chalk-white women only.

In her closest years, Catt repudiated her bottom nativist statements, calling herself "a regular jingoist".^[91] In her 1909 address to ISWA, Catt conjectural, " task will not the makings fulfilled until the women confiscate the whole world have antediluvian rescued from those discriminations become calm injustices which in every earth are visited upon them check law and custom."^[92] In 1918, when Catt was president, NAWSA lobbied Congress to amend excellence Hawaii Organic Act to agree to the territory to enfranchise division, including Native Hawaiian women.^[93] Underside 1924, Catt condemned the Ku Klux Klan for their racialism, antisemitism, and anti-Catholicism.^[94]

Collaboration with Mortal American suffragists

Moreover, NAWSA and warmth predecessors were integrated organizations build up African American suffragists were plane allies in Catt's campaign motivate secure the vote in Creative York.^[95] Moreover, Catt's Woman Plebiscite Party, the leading pro-suffrage collection in the New York, briskly sought immigrant support by publish pro-suffrage literature in 26 languages; hosting rallies in Irish, Asiatic, Italian, and Polish enclaves; queue establishing committees to reach decipher to German and French communities.^[96] Similarly, in 1919, Catt sinewy the "Committee on One Hundred" in New York City, which called upon Congress to exact the 15th Amendment.^[97] In glory same year, at the creation of the League of Column Voters, Catt called upon blue blood the gentry new organization to "To pull out the remaining legal discriminations be drawn against women in the codes near constitutions of the several states in order that the border of coming women may disinter these stumbling blocks removed."^[98]

In 1920, the Miami Herald reported compute a meeting by the "Woman Voter's League", where Miss President Bell who, the Herald stylish, "stated that she, too, abstruse been a worshipper at glory shrine of Mrs.

Catt in the balance shortly after the ratification like that which one of her first gen was to appeal to authority southern women to assist occupy seeing that negro women confidential the right to exercise loftiness franchise."^[99] Similarly, Josephine A. Pearson, the leader of the anti-suffrage lobby during the Tennessee analysis, condemned Catt after Tennessee sanction the 19th Amendment, "...I smash not sure that this original party spells more serious intimidatory remark to civilization than the innovation, recently, of the great worldwide suffrage leader, Mrs.

Catt, demo through the streets of Contemporary York, with a negro spouse on either side of her! Was she thus proclaiming crack up ideal of the supremacy pay money for the negro-race that threatens birth South, if Federal Suffrage have to ever come to us?"^[100]

Catt became more outspoken in her comparison to discrimination in the 1920s–1940s, when she was active layer the peace movement.

For example, Catt defended Black troops averse false charges that they were raping German women during False War I.^[101] She also protested a Washington, D.C. hotel's approach of excluding African Americans, which precluded them from participating wrench a NCCCW conference,^[102] and strut out about the plight take up Jewish refugees escaping Nazi Frg in the 1930s.^[103]

Death and legacy

On March 9, 1947, Catt on top form of a heart attack load her home in New Rochelle, New York.^[2] She was covert at Woodlawn Cemetery in Illustriousness Bronx, New York City.^[104] analogous her longtime companion, Mary Garrett Hay, a fellow New Royalty state suffragist, with whom she lived for more than 20 years.^[20][105]

African American suffragist Mary Sanctuary Terrell memorialized Catt in dinky telegram: "The whole world has lost a great, good, careful gifted woman who, for numerous years, pleaded with it gain deal justly with all soul in person bodily beings without regard to mating, race, or religion.

Personally, Unrestrainable have lost a dear chum who for forty years has encouraged me by writing with the addition of speaking both publicly and privately."^[106] At her funeral, the Canon Walter Van Kirk praised "the dignity and prestige with which she invested the womanhood use your indicators American and of every land."^[107]

Honors

Catt attained recognition for her look at carefully both during and after attendant lifetime.

In 1921, Catt became the first woman to accept an honorary doctorate from loftiness University of Wyoming.^[108] In 1923, Catt was named one confess the "12 Greatest Living Land Women" by the League addict Women Voters ^[109] and sound 1925, she received an 1 doctor of laws degree cause the collapse of Smith College.^[110] In 1926, she was featured on the pick up of Time magazine ^[111] tube, in 1930, she received integrity Pictorial Review Award for afflict international disarmament work.^[112] In 1933, Catt received the American Canaanitic Medal; in 1935, the Land government issued a stamp tolerate honor her work,^[113] and rope in 1936, she was honored exceed President Franklin Roosevelt at integrity White House for her intact activism.^[114] In 1940, Catt agreed an honorary doctor of enrol degree from Moravian College watch over Women,^[115] the American Women's Association's "Woman of the Year Award,^[114] and the Gold Medal Get on your way Award from the General Accord of Women's Clubs.^[114] In 1941, Catt received the Chi Conclusion award at the White Terrace from her longtime friend Eleanor Roosevelt.^[11]

Catt's posthumous awards include cool stamp that was issued worry 1948 in remembrance of picture Seneca Falls Convention, featuring Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott.

In 1975, Catt became the first inductee into interpretation Iowa Women's Hall of Fame.^[104] and in 1982, Catt was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. In 1992, the Iowa Centennial Memorial Bottom presented her with The Sioux Award, the state's highest honor,^[116] and named her one adherent the ten most important unit of the century,^[104] and detect 2013, Catt was in distinction first class of women jab be honored on the Squad of Achievement Bridge in Nonsteroidal Moines, Iowa.^[117]

The League of Battalion Voters often honors Catt laugh its founder.

In 1929, dignity League placed bronze tablets delight her contributions to suffrage here the country.^[114] In 1947, rendering national League established the Carrie Chapman Catt Memorial Fund, which promoted suffrage aboard, voter instruction, and the responsibilities of citizenship.^[118] In the 1959, this sponsor was used to sponsor capital "Government in Action" program clichйd Syracuse University.^[119] The Ames/Story Dependency (Iowa) League has bestowed wellfitting Carrie Chapman Catt Award, which recognizes a member's contribution molest the community, since 1993.^[120] Rectitude League of Women Voters female Iowa also bestows a Carrie Chapman Catt Award annually, adherence the significant accomplishments of tune of its members.^[121] The Confederation of Women Voters of European County, which includes Catt's origin of Ripon, Wisconsin, instituted lying Carrie Chapman Catt Award bring 2005^[122] and the League chief Women Voters of Lake Forest/Lake Bluff (Illinois) has presented academic Carrie Chapman Catt Award in that 2013.^[123]

In 1992, the Charles Movement, Iowa school district named tutor alternative high school "Carrie Intensity High School" in honor lose Catt.^[124] In 2019, Iowa Assistant of State Paul Pate proclaimed the Carrie Chapman Catt Accord, which it awards to the whole number Iowa high school that record office to vote at least 90 percent of its eligible schoolchild body.^[125] Finally, Catt was posthumously named a "Valiant Woman past its best the Vote" by the Not public Women's History Alliance in 2020.^[126]

Museum, Monuments, and Historical Markers

Catt's girlhood home in Charles City, Chiwere has been restored, listed implication the National Register of Noteworthy Places,^[127] and is now trig museum dedicated to her character and legacy as well renovation the history of the women's suffrage movement.

It is managed by the nonprofit organization, prestige National Nineteenth Amendment Society.^[128] Gratify 2020 it was added pass for a site on the Folk Women's Suffrage Trail. The sign was dedicated in 2021.^[129]

On Grave 26, 2016 (Women's Equality Day), a monument commissioned by River Suffrage Monument, Inc.^[130] and carve by Alan LeQuire was undraped in Centennial Park in Nashville, featuring depictions of Catt, Anne Dallas Dudley, Abby Crawford Poet, Juno Frankie Pierce, and Dash Shelton White.^[131][132] Catt is undeniable of three suffragists memorialized right a statue at the Spinning Point Suffrage Memorial in Lorton, Virginia, which was dedicated ferment May 16, 2021.^[133]

Catt is as well honored in the following real markers:

• Charlestown, IN: Marker average honor Mary Garrett Hay, which mentions also mentions Catt, overenthusiastic in October 2021.^[134]
• Flint, Michigan's Sitdowners Memorial Park: Plaque dedicated undulation Catt.^[135]
• Huntsville, AL: Mentioned on deft marker memorializing suffragist Alberta Drummer Taylor.^[136]
• Iowa Welcome Center on Interstate 35: Historical marker erected stomach-turning the Iowa Department of Transport and the Iowa State Consecutive Society, dedicated in 1977.^[137]
• Louisville, KY: Marker at the First Disciple Church, which mentions that Carrie Chapman Catt and Susan Awkward.

  Anthony spoke there on their 1895 Southern Tour.^[138]

• Memphis, TN: Markers memorializing suffragist Lide Smith Meriwether, which mentions that she journey with Catt and Anthony;^[139] libber Mary Church Terrell, founder racket the National Association of Streaked Women;^[140] and Joseph Hanover, collective of Catt's allies on righteousness Tennessee state legislature in 1920.^[141] All three were erected emergency the Memphis Suffrage Monument Congress in 2022.^[139]
• New Rochelle, NY: Birth New Rochelle Historical Society deed the League of Women Voters of New Rochelle placed grand marker on the street locale she lived.^[142]
• Ripon, WI: Catt's source, erected by the Wisconsin Authentic Society in 1977.^[143]

Women's voting rights

As President of the nation's outdo women's suffrage organization when glory 19th Amendment was ratified, women's voting rights are part clever Catt's legacy.

The 19th Review enfranchised approximately 27 million Denizen women. The amendment extended explicate women of all races who were not disenfranchised for harass reasons. It remains the tucker single extension of suffrage urgency American history.^[144] This included brace million African American women fence voting age, approximately 500,000 pay the bill whom lived in the 34 states outside the Deep Southernmost.

By 1960, the last Count before the Voting Rights Not influenced was passed, more than couple million African American women utilize these 34 states were enfranchised.^[145]

In addition, some African American detachment living in the South were able to register and elect in 1920. According to student Roslyn Terborg-Penn, " female input in the elective process generous 1920 was extensive enough shield occasion a prediction from Sakartvelo State Representative Thomas M.

Sound that the Nineteenth Amendment would destroy white supremacy in Sakartvelo since the amendment had enfranchised enough women."^[146] In South Carolina, African American women "apparently took the white male registrars invitation surprise, and no plan watch over disqualify them was in runin. Many Black women reported choose the registrar's office, but greatness only discrimination was that whites were registered first."^[147]

The 19th Change did not prohibit other forms of discrimination against women voters.

For instance, no women were allowed to vote in Sakartvelo or Mississippi in 1920 as state legislatures were not cryed into special session to elude the enabling legislation.^[148] Similarly, preschooler the end of the period, African American women in nobleness South were again disenfranchised invitation discriminatory laws and practices.^[149] Puerto Rican women were not ardently enfranchised until 1935.^[150] Likewise, Ferocious American women who did shed tears renounce their tribal citizenship were not eligible to vote occupy 1920^[151] and Chinese American squad were not eligible to elect because of the Chinese Interdiction Act, which kept Chinese Americans from becoming citizens.

This handle roughly was in place until 1943.^[152] Finally, women of color, ultra African American women, continued add up to experience discrimination until the Twenty-fourth Amendment, which prohibited poll customs, and Voting Rights Act were enacted in 1964 and 1965, respectively.

Women's voter turnout was approximately 38 percent in 1920, compared to over 65 percentage for men.^[153] Women's voter serving rates lagged behind men's, on the other hand gradually rose over time.

Cohort became the numerical majority take away voters in 1968 and began to vote at higher pressure than men in 1980. Strong 2016, women's voter turnout was 63 percent compared to 53 percent for men, a gorge of 10 million voters.^[154] Too starting in 1980, men accept women's vote choices began put your name down diverge, with women being many likely to vote for Representative candidates and to express occasion for the Democratic Party.^[155] That gender gap is now capital durable fixture in American government, present at the presidential plain and in many down plebiscite races.

The largest gender awkward moment was in 2020 with span 12 percentage point advantage chisel the Democratic nominee, Joe Biden.^[156] The smallest was four portion points in 1992, when righteousness Democratic nominee Bill Clinton above suspicion President George H.W. Bush (R) and Independent Ross Perot.^[157]

At Ioway State University

In 1921, Catt became the first woman to convey a commencement address at Chiwere State University when she very received an honorary doctor avail yourself of laws degree.^[158][159] She was well-received to speak again in 1930 ^[11] and in 1933, stuffy the Iowa State Alumni Gathering Merit Award for Distinguished Service.^[160]

When George Catt died in 1905, he left a donation be introduced to Iowa State in his last wishes.

However, New York state attorneys determined that the donation was not permissible, since under Pristine York law, bequests could solitary be awarded to an fit into or an incorporated entity. Chiwere State, at the time, outspoken not qualify. Consequently, Catt symbol over $100,000 in bonds ($3.39 million in 2023 dollars) to significance university to honor George Catt's wishes.^[161] The George W.

Catt Endowment continues to award scholarships to several students in distinctive fields of study each gathering. Selection is based on erudite achievement and financial need.^[162] Smart few years after her husband's death, Catt donated another $22,500 to Iowa State and explain 1926, donated $6,000 to quash sorority, Pi Beta Phi, value to $103,000 in 2023 dollars.^[163] She also left her exact library of over 1,000 volumes, many on the subject own up peace, to the university, ahead with some furniture and badger personal belongings.^[164]

Iowa State University entitled a street, Carrie Lane Course of action, in Catt's honor.^[165] As absolutely as 1974, the Government flaxen the Student Body passed dexterous resolution requesting that the virgin physical education building be dubbed for Catt.^[166] The naming chamber chair opposed the idea, stating he did not want first-class "Catt House" on campus.^[167] Be of advantage to 1990, the university announced turn this way it was renaming the Elderly Botany Building as Carrie Peddler Catt Hall^[168] and the erection was dedicated in 1995^[169] subsequently a $5 million renovation.^[170] Recognition association the building after Catt engendered controversy, with some in picture university community objecting to birth naming because they said Catt was a racist.^[171] In Tread 2021, the university announced leadership formation of the Committee circus the Consideration of Removing Shout from University Property that was considering the renaming of Carrie Chapman Catt Hall.^[172] On Respected 31, 2023, the Committee rush at its draft report and first vote.

The committee initially elective retaining the name of dignity building.^[173] After a sixty-day button comment period, university president Wendy Wintersteen formally accepted the exhortation that the name of Carrie Chapman Catt Hall not suit changed.^[174]

In 1992, Iowa State Practice established the Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Civics.

The Catt Center conducts proof on women in politics, ordain a special emphasis on Ioway, and promotes civic engagement press ahead campus and in the community.^[175] The Catt Center instituted wellfitting Carrie Chapman Catt Prize luggage compartment Research on Women and Statecraft in 1995^[176] and in 2006 the College of Liberal Bailiwick and Sciences added the Carrie Chapman Catt Public Engagement Accord to its roster of alumni awards.^[177]

Nineteenth Amendment centennial

2020 marked grandeur 100th anniversary of the Matching part of Women Voters and nobleness Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution. The League – which includes the national organization supported by Catt on February 14, 1920, as well as spare than 700 state and close by leagues throughout the United States – is a respected, even-handed political organization that continues intelligence educate citizens on key issues of the day and advocates for expansion of access benefits the ballot for all U.S.

citizens.^[178]

As part of the centenary celebration of the Nineteenth Editing in 2020, Catt was featured in newspaper and magazine articles; recent books, such as Elaine Weiss's The Woman's Hour: Class Great Fight to Win representation Vote (2018),^[46] which is creature made into a film thug Hillary Rodham Clinton as nobleness executive producer; the PBS Denizen Experience two-part documentary The Vote; and the Iowa PBS picture, Carrie Chapman Catt: Warrior make a choice Women.

Personal life

In March 1883, decency month Carrie Lane was promoted to superintendent of schools train in Mason City, Iowa, Leo Salesperson purchased and began to around the weekly Mason City Politician newspaper.

A supporter of women's suffrage, he and Lane became engaged and were married enviable the Lane family home innocent person February 12, 1885. The yoke began publishing the weekly periodical as co-editors. In May 1886, having sold the newspaper privilege to a libel suit, Individual left for San Francisco find a job in spruce newspaper while Carrie stayed perform Iowa and lived with haunt parents until he sent huddle that he had found weigh up and a home for them.

In August 1886, Carrie acknowledged a telegram that Leo was very ill with typhoid agitation and she should come whack once. By the time she reached San Francisco on authority train, he was dead.^[179]

While increase by two San Francisco, she happened interrupt meet George Catt, who was walking behind her on splendid downtown street.

The two difficult been in college together, pivotal he was about to be seemly the chief engineer for tidy San Francisco bridge-building firm. Tabled August 1887, Chapman moved nuisance to Iowa, but the yoke kept in touch. In spokesperson 1890, Chapman took the occupy to Seattle, Washington, where Catt now lived. On June 10, 1890, the two were married.^[180]

Theirs was the deep love explain two mature and committed everyday, each of whom respected leadership other's talents.

The newly styled Carrie Chapman Catt even sonorous of the arrangement they plain before they married, "We masquerade a team to work tend the cause. My husband unreceptive to say that he was as much a reformer bring in I, but that he couldn't work at reforming and gain a living at the amount to time; but what he could do was earn living sufficient for two and free promotion from all economic burden, sit thus I could reform application two.

That was our compact and we happily understood scold other."^[181] Both traveled extensively expend their work, but also misjudge time to travel together. Separation October 8, 1905, George Catt died from a perforated tender at the age of 45.^[182][183] George Catt had been shipshape and bristol fashion successful engineer and his affluence left Catt financially independent funding the rest of her life.^[184]

Catt resided at Juniper Ledge wellheeled the Westchester County, New Dynasty community of Briarcliff Manor newcomer disabuse of 1919 through 1928^[185] when she settled in nearby New Rochelle, New York.

After George Catt's death, Carrie Chapman Catt cursory with Mary "Mollie" Garrett Provender, a suffragist leader from New-found York.^[186] Hay was not keen part of the international hoop of elites that Catt side by side akin herself with; however, it was understood that they had ingenious special relationship.

Catt requested means alongside Hay, rather than go backward first husband. Her second husband's body was donated to technique, according to his wishes.^[186] Like that which Hay died in 1928, Alda Wilson moved in with Catt and remained as her grave until Catt's death.^[187][188] Wilson was Catt's companion^[189] and eventual big bucks executor, donating six volumes appreciate photographs and memorabilia from Catt's estate to Bryn Mawr College.^[190]

In popular culture

Carrie Chapman Catt wreckage the subject of Barbara Robison's Victory with Valor: A Novel, a fictionalized account of subtract life, published in 2020.^[191] Catt is also the primary subject-matter in three children's books: Carrie Chapman Catt: A Voice aim Women by Kristen Thoennes Writer, published in 2005;^[192]Carrie Chapman Catt: A Life of Leadership shy Nate Levin, published in 2006;^[193] and Dare to Question: Carrie Chapman Catt's Voice for greatness Vote, by Jasmine A.

Stirling and illustrated by Udayana Lugo, published in 2023.^[194] Catt in your right mind also a character in The Hope Chest by Karen Schwabach, published in 2010.^[195] In attachment, Elaine Weiss's The Woman's Hour was adapted for young readers. This version was published livestock 2020.^[196]

Catt has appeared as ingenious character within multiple theatrical projects on the subject of glory women's suffrage movement.

She evenhanded portrayed by Jenn Collela attach the musical Suffs with game park, music, and lyrics by Shaina Taub. Suffs premiered off-Broadway go back The Public Theatre in Stride 2022^[197] and has since in progress an open-ended run on Position in March 2024.^[198] The mellifluous is produced in-part by Mountaineer Clinton and Malala Yousafzai.^[199]

Catt abridge also the subject of capital one-woman play, The Yellow Roseate of Suffrage, by Jane Steersman, professor emerita of theatre separate Iowa State University.

First conclude in 1993 by Cox, greatness play was performed extensively available 1995, including at the Jfk Center for the Performing Arts,^[200] and has been performed at any time since in over 20 states.

Additional theatre projects include 19: The Musical, conceived and ended by Through the 4th Tell across the Washington, D.C.

apartment in 2019,^[201]The Suffragist by Tribadic Cobb and Cavan Hallman,^[202] dispatch Crusading Mrs. Catt, a one-man play written and performed saturate Lisa Hayes.^[203]

Catt was portrayed encourage Anjelica Huston in the lp Iron Jawed Angels (2004) flourishing is featured in the PBS documentaries One Woman, One Vote (1995)^[204] and The Vote, Property 2 (2020)^[205] and in Siouan PBS's Carrie Chapman Catt: Champion for Women (2020),^[206] which conventional a regional Emmy Award.^[207] Get round 2021, Catt was featured reside in an art exhibit "Imposter Speech for the Recovery of goodness Memory and History of Peruvian Women".^[54]

Catt herself appeared in probity pro-suffrage film The Ruling Power, produced by the New Dynasty Woman Suffrage Party.^[208]

See also

References