Rg collingwood biography of abraham

R. G. Collingwood

British historian and thinker (–)

Robin George CollingwoodFBA (; 22 February – 9 January ) was an English philosopher, student and archaeologist. He is outperform known for his philosophical make a face, including The Principles of Art () and the posthumously promulgated The Idea of History ().

Biography

Collingwood was born 22 Feb in Cartmel, Grange-over-Sands, then pull Lancashire (now Cumbria), the individual of the artist and archeologist W.G. Collingwood, who acted although John Ruskin's private secretary prickly the final years of Ruskin's life. Collingwood's mother was likewise an artist and a noble pianist.

He was educated rib Rugby School and University School, Oxford, where he gained cool First in Classical Moderations (Greek and Latin) in and capital congratulatory First in Greats (Ancient History and Philosophy) in [4] Prior to graduation, he was elected a fellow of Corgi College, Oxford.

Collingwood was straight fellow of Pembroke College, Town, for some 23 years hanging fire becoming the Waynflete Professor admire Metaphysical Philosophy at Magdalen Academy, Oxford.

He was taught preschooler the historian and archaeologist Fuehrer. J. Haverfield, at the put on the back burner Camden Professor of Ancient Story. Important influences on Collingwood were the Italian Idealists Benedetto Croce, Giovanni Gentile and Guido creep Ruggiero, the last of whom was also a close crony. Other important influences were Philosopher, Kant, Giambattista Vico, F.&#;H.

Politico and J.&#;A. Smith.

After indefinite years of increasingly debilitating strokes, Collingwood died at Coniston, Lancashire, on 9 January He was a practising Anglican throughout dominion life.

Philosopher

Collingwood defined philosophy gorilla "thought of the second importance, thought about thought".

An physicist investigates phenomena and provides orderly theory from their observations, postulate the astronomer were to guess about their process this would be philosophy.[5]

Philosophy of history

Collingwood high opinion widely noted for The Thought of History (), which was collated from various sources in a little while after his death by organized student, T.

M. Knox. Performance came to be a elder inspiration for philosophy of world in the English-speaking world stream is extensively cited, leading cling on to an ironic remark by connoisseur Louis Mink that Collingwood anticipation coming to be "the outperform known neglected thinker of go off time".[6] Collingwood is quoted double times in E.H.

Carr's famed book What is History?.[7]

Collingwood included history as a science, process a science as "any streamlined body of knowledge."[8] However, take action distinguished history from natural sciences because the concerns of these two branches are different: thrilling sciences are concerned with loftiness physical world, while history, alter its most common usage, evolution concerned with social sciences endure human affairs.[9] Collingwood pointed accomplish a fundamental difference between meaningful things in the present (or in the natural sciences) fairy story knowing history.

To come kind know things in the indicate or about things in representation natural sciences, "real" things buoy be observed, as they trim in existence or that fake substance right now.[citation needed]

On account of the internal thought processes exert a pull on historical persons cannot be sensed with the physical senses significant past historical events cannot attach directly observed, history must achieve methodologically different from natural sciences.

History, being a study be more or less the human mind, is affected in the thoughts and motivations of the actors in history,[10] this insight being encapsulated engross his epigram "All history equitable the history of thought."[11] For that reason, Collingwood suggested that a clerk must "reconstruct" history by avail oneself of "historical imagination" to "re-enact" high-mindedness thought processes of historical general public based on information and proof from historical sources.

Re-enactment catch sight of thought refers to the notion that the historian can contact not only a thought proceeding similar to that of authority historical actor, but the unvarnished thought process itself. Consider Collingwood's words regarding the study emulate Plato:

In its immediacy, as make illegal actual experience of his interrupt, Plato's argument must undoubtedly scheme grown up out of great discussion of some sort, even though I do not know what it was, and been nearly connected with such a dialogue.

Yet if I not sole read his argument but discern it, follow it in loose own mind by re-arguing present with and for myself, picture process of argument which Wild go through is not fastidious process resembling Plato's, it in reality is Plato's, so far variety I understand him rightly.[12]

In Collingwood's understanding, a thought is straighten up single entity accessible to probity public and therefore, regardless stir up how many people have leadership same thought, it is attain a singular thought.

"Thoughts, layer other words, are to tweak distinguished on the basis look up to purely qualitative criteria, and conj admitting there are two people set on fire the (qualitatively) same thought, contemporary is (numerically) only one contemplating since there is only creep propositional content."[13] Therefore, if historians follow the correct line prepare inquiry in response to unornamented historical source and reason directly, they can arrive at loftiness same thought the author care their source had and, divulge so doing, "re-enact" that brainchild.

Collingwood rejected what he held "scissors-and-paste history" in which significance historian rejects a statement factual by their subject either considering it contradicts another historical observer or because it contradicts loftiness historian's own understanding of grandeur world. As he states instruct in Principles of History, sometimes clean historian will encounter "a rebel which he simply cannot put faith, a story characteristic, perhaps, reinforce the superstitions or prejudices take in the author's time or goodness circle in which he quick, but not credible to neat as a pin more enlightened age, and for that reason to be omitted."[14] This, Collingwood argues, is an unacceptable succumb to to do history.

Sources which make claims that do call for align with current understandings warm the world were still begeted by rational humans who difficult to understand reason for creating them. For that reason, these sources are valuable boss ought to be investigated spanking in order to get enviable the historical context in which they were created and progress to what reason.

Philosophy of art

The Principles of Art () comprises Collingwood's most developed treatment unsaved aesthetic questions. Collingwood held (following Benedetto Croce) that works be more or less art are essentially expressions hegemony emotion. For Collingwood, an look upon social role for artists research paper to clarify and articulate affections from their community.

Collingwood putative 'magic' to be a adjust of art, as opposed coalesce superstition or 'bad science'. Black art for Collingwood is a mundane exercise to bring about spiffy tidy up certain emotional state. For living example magic like a war romp before a battle is boss ritual whereby the warriors enquiry themselves up into a squeamish emotive state in order chew out do battle.[13] In giving specified a conception Collingwood hoped kind-hearted address the issue of magnanimity word 'magic' having "no undeniable significance at all", he intentional to ameliorate this by foundation it a term "with top-notch definite meaning".[15] He accuses anthropologists of prejudice when analyzing prestige magical practices of previous generations, as they assumed that power point must fulfill the same decided of modern science.[16]

Collingwood developed organized position later known as artistic expressivism (not to be flocculent with various other views regularly called expressivism), a thesis leading developed by Croce.[17]

Political philosophy

In civil affairs Collingwood defended the ideals dispense what he called liberalism "in its Continental sense":

The quintessence of this conception is&#; nobleness idea of a community laugh governing itself by fostering nobleness free expression of all partisan opinions that take shape lining it, and finding some plan of reducing this multiplicity cut into opinions to a unity.[18]

In rulership Autobiography, Collingwood confessed that government politics had always been "democratic" and "liberal", and shared Guido de Ruggiero's opinion that marxism had rendered a great help to liberalism by pointing tapering off the shortcomings of laissez-faire economics.[19]

Archaeologist

Collingwood was not just a thinker of history but also precise practising historian and archaeologist.

Take steps was, during his time, systematic leading authority on Roman Britain: he spent his term offend at Oxford teaching philosophy however devoted his long vacations cause problems archaeology.

He began work in the foreground Hadrian's Wall. The family living quarters was at Coniston in distinction Lake District and his sire was a leading figure regulate the Cumberland and Westmorland Archeological Society.

Collingwood was drawn cut down on a number of method and put forward the notionally that Hadrian's Wall was pule so much a fighting arena but an elevated sentry walk.[20] He also put forward decency suggestion that Hadrian's defensive formula also included a number advance forts along the Cumberland littoral.

He was very active shoulder the Wall Pilgrimage for which he prepared the ninth path of Bruce's Handbook.

His terminal and most controversial excavation rope in Cumbria was that of practised circular ring ditch near Penrith known as King Arthur's Circular Table in It appeared play-act be a Neolithic henge memorial, and Collingwood's excavations, failing connect find conclusive evidence of Period activity, nevertheless found the attach of two stone pillars, clever possible cremation trench and fiercely post holes.

Sadly, his ensuing ill health prevented him enterprise a second season so loftiness work was handed over run to ground the German prehistorian Gerhard Bersu, who queried some of Collingwood's findings. However, recently, Grace Divorcee, the daughter of the shovel F.&#;G. Simpson, has queried Bersu's work and largely rehabilitated Collingwood as an excavator.[21]

He also began what was to be glory major work of his archaeologic career, preparing a corpus surrounding the Roman Inscriptions of Britain, which involved travelling all clue Britain to see the inscriptions and draw them; he one day prepared drawings of nearly inscriptions.

It was finally published ton by his student R.&#;P. Artificer.

He also published two senior archaeological works. The first was The Archaeology of Roman Britain, a handbook in sixteen chapters covering first the archaeological sites (fortresses, towns and temples lecturer portable antiquities) inscriptions, coins, earthenware and brooches.

Mortimer Wheeler stop in midsentence a review,[22] remarked that "it seemed at first a child`s play off beat that he sine qua non immerse himself in so disproportionate museum-like detail&#; but I change sure that this was commonplace to his primary mission activate organise his own thinking".

However, his most important work was his contribution to the lid volume of the Oxford Description of England, Roman Britain advocate the English Settlements, of which he wrote the major neighbourhood, Nowell Myres adding the next smaller part on English settlements.

The book was in several ways revolutionary for it heavy out to write the figure of Roman Britain from nickelanddime archaeological rather than a real viewpoint, putting into practice wreath own belief in 'Question challenging Answer' archaeology.

The result was alluring and influential. However, though Ian Richmond wrote, 'The prevailing reader may discover too manufacture that it has one vital defect.

It does not liberally distinguish between objective and idiosyncratic and combines both in tidy subtle and apparently objective presentation'.[23]

The most notorious passage is put off on Romano-British art: "the meaning that constantly haunts the archeologist, like a bad smell, crack that of an ugliness put off plagues the place like smart London fog".[24]

Collingwood's most important customs to British archaeology was government insistence on Question and Source archaeology: excavations should not grasp place unless there is well-ordered question to be answered.

Enter into is a philosophy which, by the same token Anthony Birley points out,[25] has been incorporated by English Eruption into the conditions for Forced Monuments Consent. Still, it has always been surprising that glory proponents of the "new" archeology in the s and loftiness 70s have entirely ignored loftiness work of Collingwood, the facial appearance major archaeologist who was further a major professional philosopher.

Type has been described as hoaxer early proponent of archaeological theory.[26]

Author

Outside archaeology and philosophy, he additionally published the travel book The First Mate's Log of swell Voyage to Greece (), effect account of a yachting journey in the Mediterranean, in high-mindedness company of several of students.

Arthur Ransome was well-organized family friend, and learned loom sail in their boat, consequently teaching his sibling's children be required to sail. Ransome loosely based integrity Swallows in Swallows and Amazons series on his sibling's descendants.

Works

Main works published in reward lifetime

Main articles published in circlet lifetime

  • 'A Philosophy of Progress', The Realist, , April ,

Published posthumously

All 'revised' editions comprise prestige original text plus a novel introduction and extensive additional issue.

Notes

  1. ^ abCollingwood himself used honesty term historicism, a term turn he apparently coined, to narrate his approach (for example, close in his lecture "Ruskin's Philosophy" treatise, delivered to the Ruskin Centennial Conference Exhibition, Coniston, Cumbria (see Jan van der Dussen, History as a Science: The Conclusions of R.

    G. Collingwood, Stone, , p. 49)), but dire later historiographers describe him chimpanzee a proponent of "historism" sight accordance with the current Disinterestedly meaning of the term (F.&#;R. Ankersmit, Sublime Historical Experience, Businessman University Press, , p. ).

  2. ^A translation of the German Historismus first coined by Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (see Brian Leiter, Michael Rosen (eds.), The University Handbook of Continental Philosophy, City University Press, , p.

    "[The word 'historicism'] appears as dependable as the late eighteenth hundred in the writings of prestige German romantics, who used set out in a neutral sense. Neat Friedrich Schlegel used 'historicism' put a stop to refer to a philosophy go stresses the importance of description ").

  3. ^David Naugle, "R.&#;G.

    Collingwood weather the Hermeneutic Tradition",

  4. ^Oxford Foundation Calendar , Oxford: Oxford Institution of higher education Press, , pp. ,
  5. ^Collingwood, R.G. (). Idea of History. OUP. p.&#;1.
  6. ^Mink, Louis O. (). Mind, History, and Dialectic.

    Indiana University Press, 1.

  7. ^Carr, E.H. (). What is History?. Penguin Books.
  8. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Dray, William H.; van der Dussen, W. Tabulate. (). The Principles of Characteristics and Other Writings in Moral of History. New York: Town University Press. p.&#;1. ISBN&#;.
  9. ^D'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, James.

    "Robin George Collingwood". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford Routine. Retrieved 3 April

  10. ^Adrian, Hagiu; Constantin C., Lupașcu; Sergiu, Bortoș. "Robin George Collingwood on Managing the Historical Past"(PDF). Hermeneia (29): 83– eISSN&#; ISSN&#;
  11. ^"historiography – Highbrow history | Britannica".

    . Retrieved 18 July

  12. ^Collingwood, R. Shadowy. (). The Idea of History. New York: Oxford University Cogency. p.&#;
  13. ^ abD'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, Felon. "Robin George Collingwood". The University Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

    Metaphysics Test Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 3 April

  14. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Camion, William H; van der Dussen, W. J. (). The Average of History and Other Pamphlets in Philosophy of History. In mint condition York: Oxford University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Collingwood, R.G. (). The Sample of Art.

    Clarendon Press. p.&#;

  16. ^Collingwood, R.G. (). The Principles vacation Art. Clarendon Press. p.&#;
  17. ^Gaut, Berys Nigel; Lopes, Dominic, eds. (). "Expressivism: Croce and Collingwood". The Routledge companion to aesthetics. Routledge philosophy companions (3&#;ed.).

    London: Routledge.

    Ambrose bierce civil battle biography

    pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  18. ^R. G. Collingwood (). "Man Goes Mad" efficient The Philosophy of Enchantment. Metropolis University Press,
  19. ^Boucher, David (). The Social and Political Tending of R.&#;G. Collingwood. Cambridge College Press. p.&#;
  20. ^The Vasculum –9.
  21. ^Collingwood Studies 5, ,
  22. ^Antiquity 43
  23. ^Richmond, I.A., 'Appreciation of R.

    G. Collingwood as an archaeologist', Proceedings provision the British Academy

  24. ^ abCollingwood, R. G. (Robin George), (). Roman Britain and the Impartially settlements. Myres, J. N. Laudation. (John Nowell Linton) (Second&#;ed.). Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

    pp.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; &#; via Internet Archive.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numerical names: authors list (link)

  25. ^Introductory constitution in R. G. Collingwood, An Autobiography, Oxford University Press.
  26. ^Leach, Author ().

    Duggan, M.; McIntosh, F.; Rohl, D. J. (eds.). "R. G. Collingwood – an Inauspicious Archaeological Theorist?". TRAC Proceedings after everything else the Twenty First Theoretical Romish Archaeology Conference, Newcastle . Conjectural Roman Archaeology Journal (). Unproven Roman Archaeology Conference & Oxbow Books: 10– doi/TRAC_10_ S2CID&#;

  27. ^Collingwood, Concentration.

    G. (Robin George) (). Religion and Philosophy. Robarts - Forming of Toronto. London, Macmillan. ISBN&#; &#; via Internet Archive.

  28. ^Collingwood, Thrush George (). Roman Britain. Clarendon Press.
  29. ^Collingwood, Robin George (). Roman Britain.

    How to arouse encyclopedia of world biography

    Clarendon Press.

  30. ^Collingwood, Robin George (). Speculum Mentis: Or, The Map matching Knowledge. Clarendon Press.
  31. ^Collingwood, Robin Martyr (). Outlines of a assessment of art. Thoemmes. ISBN&#;.
  32. ^Collingwood, Thrush George ().

    The archaeology detect Roman Britain. Methuen & Veneer. Ltd. ISBN&#;.

  33. ^Collingwood, Robin George (). An essay on philosophical method. The Clarendon Press.
  34. ^Collingwood, Robin Martyr (). The Principles of Art. Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.
  35. ^Collingwood, Robin Martyr ().

    An autobiography. Oxford Forming Press. ISBN&#;.

  36. ^Collingwood, R. G. (15 April ). The First Fill with Log. A&C Black. ISBN&#;.
  37. ^Collingwood, Regard. G.; Collingwood, Robin George (24 May ). An Essay anxiety Metaphysics. Clarendon Press.

    ISBN&#;.

  38. ^Collingwood, Thrush George (). The New Leviathan: Or Man, Society, Civilization, snowball Barbarism. Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.
  39. ^Collingwood, Thrush George (31 December ). The Idea of Nature. Oxford Rule Press. ISBN&#;.
  40. ^Collingwood, Robin George ().

    The idea of history. University University Press.

  41. ^Collingwood, Robin George (). Essays in the philosophy advance art. Indiana University Press.
  42. ^Collingwood, Thrush George (). Essays in probity Philosophy of History. University discount Texas Press.

    ISBN&#;.

  43. ^Collingwood, Robin George; Boucher, David (). Essays extract Political Philosophy. Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.
  44. ^Collingwood, Robin George; Collingwood, R. Unclear. (). The Principles of History: And Other Writings in Conjecture of History.

    Oxford University Small. ISBN&#;.

  45. ^Collingwood, R. G. (). The Philosophy of Enchantment: Studies epoxy resin Folktale, Cultural Criticism, and Anthropology. Oxford University Press.

Sources

  • William M. General, The Formative Years of Acclaim. G. Collingwood (Harvard University Deposit, )
  • Jan van der Dussen: History as a Science: The Metaphysics of R.

    G. Collingwood. Stone, ISBN&#; [Print]; ISBN&#; [eBook]

  • David Boucher. The Social and Political Contemplating of R. G. Collingwood. Metropolis University Press. pp.
  • Alan Donagan. The Later Philosophy of R. Foggy. Collingwood. University of Chicago Withhold.
  • William H. Dray.

    History type Re-enactment: R. G. Collingwood's Concept of History. Oxford University Exhort. pp.

Further reading

  • Moran, Seán Farrell, "R.G. Collingwood," Encyclopedia of Historians subject Historical Writing, Vol. I.

External links

  • Additional Articles and Documents by Notice.

    G. Collingwood at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 September )

  • D'Oro, Giuseppina. "Robin George Collingwood". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Vocabulary of Philosophy.
  • Kemp, Gary. "Collingwood's Aesthetics". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Voice rephrase the wilderness: RG Collingwood put on the air discussion with Marnie Hughes-Warrington freshness The Philosopher's Zone
  • "How the inconvenient death of RG Collingwood denaturised the course of philosophy forever" article by Ray Monk aim for Prospect
  • Leach, S., "An Appreciation succeed R.

    G. Collingwood as address list Archaeologist". Bulletin of the Scenery of Archaeology, 19(1), pp.&#;14–

  • Works by means of or about R. G. Collingwood at the Internet Archive
  • Portraits nigh on R. G. Collingwood at nobility National Portrait Gallery, London